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53 pages 1 hour read

Jonathan Franzen

Freedom

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2010

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Part 2Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2: “Mistakes Were Made: Autobiography of Patty Berglund by Patty Berglund (Composed at Her Therapist’s Suggestion)”

Part 2, Chapter 1 Summary: “Agreeable”

The text of this section comprises Patty’s writings about her personal history, a project suggested by her therapist. Early in the writing, Patty reveals that she is an atheist and that school athletics saved her life. She pays tribute to a list of coaches she appreciated when she was at college.

Patty describes being the oldest of four children who grew up in New York. She refers to herself as “relatively dumber” (29) than other students. Her mother is Joyce Emerson, a “professional Democrat” (30) and a state assemblywoman.

Patty gives a brief history of Joyce and Ray Emerson, her parents. Ray always teases Patty, and his attention often verges on cruelty, which he dismisses as a symptom of his sense of humor. He is an attorney for underprivileged people and often works for free. Ray is cynical about the legal system and says that everyone in it is a liar.

As a teenager, Patty often dates shy or unpopular boys. A boy named Ethan Post rapes her at a party when she is 17. She had been drinking alcohol and was unsure at first whether it was rape. The next morning, she cries in the shower.

The story becomes public after her coach spies on her after a game in which she played badly, and then asks what was wrong. Ray and Joyce are political friends with Ethan’s parents. Patty’s parents are skeptical, and her mother implies shock that a boy could rape a woman as athletic as Patty.

Patty shows her mother the bruises on her wrists, but Joyce hopes that an apology from Ethan will suffice. Patty refuses. She asks to go to the hospital, but Joyce wants them to talk to Ray first. Ray then asks Patty if she knows what rape is.

That night, Ray takes Patty for a drive. He says he believes her, but Ethan denies everything. He suggests she move on and “learn to be more careful” (46). He says if she had screamed, it would have been different. For the rest of the year, Patty dedicates herself obsessively to athletics.

Part 2, Chapter 2 Summary: “Best Friends”

In college, Patty becomes friends with Eliza—“a disturbed girl who was basically her stalker” (49). After the rape, Patty began treating basketball like an all-consuming cult, seeking a level of care that she couldn’t get at home.

She meets Eliza at a party. The first sign of Eliza’s instability emerges when Patty asks Eliza to play the guitar for her after noticing it in her room. Eliza tries but grows enraged after making a mistake; she furiously accuses Patty of pressuring her.

Previously, Patty had only seen Eliza in a science class. The first time they meet, she tells Patty she is the best; she saw her play basketball the night before. Patty enjoys the flattery, though she is often uncomfortable with the intensity of Eliza’s compliments.

Eliza shows her a notebook that says PATTY on it and badgers her about asking for more minutes in the games. Each page has a drawing of a player with Patty’s number on the jersey. She asks if Patty has good judgment with men and constantly warns her that she is going to attract so much attention that she will be taken advantage of. Eliza correctly guesses that Patty was raped, though Patty does not confirm it. Eliza dislikes Patty’s other friends and tries to isolate her from them; Patty divides her two college lives into “Jockworld” and “Elizaworld” (55).

After eating marijuana brownies one evening, Patty wonders if she has a crush on Eliza. Eliza does not want Patty to go home for the summer, but Patty goes home anyways. Over the summer, Eliza writes to her and proposes safety rules for each other. She has very different, very controlling rules for Patty than for herself

In the fall, a boy named Carter becomes Patty’s boyfriend. That winter is her best athletic season yet. She enjoys her relationship with Carter, though he is openly sleeping with other girls.

Patty comes home early from a Chicago trip to find Eliza with Carter. Eliza says she and Carter were doing cocaine with another girl. Patty ignores her suspicions about Eliza’s relationship with Carter and chooses her over him. She agrees to live with Eliza in Minneapolis for the summer, but once Patty is there, Eliza stays out late nearly every night, leaving Patty at home.

Eliza becomes infatuated with a musician named Richard Katz, who has a friend named Walter. She takes Patty to one of Richard’s shows. Carter is there with a girl. Patty meets Walter, who gives her ear plugs and tells her that Eliza does a ton of drugs. Patty hates the punk music and goes outside. Walter follows her out and asks to take her home. He warns her that Richard isn’t very nice to women and says that he hates Eliza. Patty admits that she likes Eliza’s intense devotion, even though she know it is unhealthy.

Patty wishes that she was attracted to Walter, but primarily she wants to use him to get close to Richard, even though it makes her feel guilty. She goes out with Walter a few times, and he comes to her games. Three of Walter’s friends tell her about his impressive background and his ambitions in filmmaking.

Richard breaks up with Eliza, who blames Walter. She reveals that she quit going to classes six weeks earlier and now believes Patty is against her. Eliza calls Patty on Christmas and says she had leukemia. Patty avoids Walter over the coming weeks as she cares for Eliza. Walter finds her in February and asks for an explanation. He laughs when she tells him about Eliza’s leukemia; instead of being concerned, Walter asks if Eliza is still doing heroin.

Patty’s team plays against UCLA that night. She plays badly and feels terrible about herself. After the game, she cries and goes to Eliza’s apartment. She accuses Eliza of lying about leukemia and ending their friendship. She asks for the number of Eliza’s parents, who arrive after midnight. Eliza admits to her drug use and lying. Her parents call the scrapbook she keeps about Patty “obsessional” (91).

Outside, Patty is so relieved that she runs joyfully down the street, resolving to be a better person, daughter, and teammate. She slips and falls, injuring her knee. She has two surgeries over the next six weeks. The first surgery goes wrong. Walter visits constantly during her recovery. After she tells Walter about the rape, he grows passive and tender, afraid to act assertively with her.

She tells Walter that all she wants is a beautiful old house and two children. On a date, Walter invites her to move into a room Richard will soon be vacating. She wants to go there and have sex with Walter, but Richard is there, unexpectedly. She tries Richard’s chewing tobacco, which is uncharacteristic for her.

Walter falls asleep, and Richard offers to drive her home. In the car, he says it isn’t fair to lead Walter on. They argue, and she says she might ride to New York with Richard in two weeks.

On the trip, Richard tells her about Walter’s difficulties with women; he always falls for women in different circles from his. When they reach a bandmate’s apartment, she wants to have sex with Richard, but he sleeps on the couch and she cries in confusion. The next day, he works in the room while she reads. Eventually, she goes for a walk. When she returns, the apartment is empty. The next day, she makes a collect call to her parents. Walter picks her up when she arrives home and kisses her as soon as he sees her.

Part 2, Chapter 3 Summary: “Free Markets Foster Competition”

Continuing her autobiography, Patty thanks her parents for never encouraging her in the arts. Although her siblings attend elite private colleges, she relishes in her decision to attend the University of Minnesota, a Midwestern public university, on an athletic scholarship. She recalls that Walter is savage about anyone who hurts her feelings or uses her. She decides that she wants to defeat her sisters and mother by marrying the nicest man in Minnesota.

Patty and Walter marry three weeks after her graduation. She takes Walter to meet her family and is ashamed of being embarrassed of him. She “couldn’t help regretting that he wasn’t six-foot-four and very cool” (120). They stay in Room 21 at a hotel owned by Walter’s father. When she tries to be physical with him, Walter asks why she went on the trip with Richard. She explains that she needed to learn something about herself. Walter fixates on the trip, but eventually they have sex that night.

Three days later, Walter’s father dies. There are over 400 people at the funeral, though Richard could not come because of money trouble. Patty views Walter’s relationship with Richard as a sibling rivalry.

She describes Walter becoming roommates with Richard, who has no relationship with his mother. She left her family to move to California, become religious, and have more children. His father played saxophone. Richard always wanted to better himself as compensation for his parental void.

Walter resents Richard for abandoning him any time there was a woman he wanted to seduce. When they were seniors, Richard slept with a girl named Nomi to prove that she did not want Walter. He believed she was taking advantage of Walter. Walter worried that he was a parasite to Richard, and that Richard secretly viewed him the way he viewed the girls he discarded.

Richard always avoided alcohol while with Walter. But when he moves to New York, then to New Jersey, he experiments with drinking and reunites his band, the Traumatics. Their third album is a modest success. Walter and Richard grow close again, and Richard visits whenever the Traumatics tour. One night after a show, Patty says she feels sad for Richard. That night, Patty initiates sex with Walter and tries to convinced herself that their marriage is working.

Walter’s mother, Dorothy, dies weeks later. Patty remembers slashing Blake’s tires shortly after. She worries that she is becoming an alcoholic, and she is always concerned that Joey is more like Richard than Walter.

Richard forms a new band called Walnut Surprise after his bandmate, Herrera, dies in a freak automobile accident. He tries to pursue a normal, healthy relationship with a woman named Ellie Posada. She kicks Richard out after he resumes old habits with young women, and he is homeless at age 44.

Walter offers Richard the lake house in exchange for renovating it. When he arrives, Richard is shocked at the Berglunds’ marital discord and tells Patty she should drink less. She stays away from the lake house while Richard works. She gets in shape and cuts back on drinking.

Patty and Walter visit the lake house. Walter leaves for a trip, and Patty is anxious about being alone with Richard. One night, she asks him to sing to her while she cooks. He tells her that he refuses to ruin his best friend’s marriage. She goes to him late at night, unsure if he is awake. They have sex, even though he protests. In the morning, Richard packs up to leave. Instead, they have sex again. Richard says she must leave Walter, or they have to stop. At that moment, Patty realizes that she has fallen in love with someone who is as protective of Walter as she is. She also makes this mistake while Richard is genuinely trying to be a better person.

When Walter returns, he is annoyed that Richard hasn’t finished the deck. That summer becomes a second honeymoon for Patty and Walter. However, she and Richard are emailing within days.

Patty visits Jessica at college for Parents’ Weekend, where she meets Jessica’s boyfriend, William. After drinking heavily at lunch, Patty embarrasses Jessica by telling them about Eliza. Once Patty returns to St. Paul, her depression begins in earnest.

Richard releases an album called Nameless Lake and a “cult” (185) of fans springs up around him. Walter resents the success and does not understand why Richard never calls anymore.

Part 2 Analysis

According to Patty’s autobiography, her most critical experiences—and a large piece of her identity—revolve around mistakes. Even though her autobiography is a therapeutic exercise, much of what it reveals thematically is present in the title itself: Mistakes Were Made.

There is a constant tension in the novel between what people think they should want, and what actually makes them happy, which is an expression of the theme of Freedom and Captivity. On paper, Patty has a loving family and a nice house, along with her history as an elite athlete. However, at several points throughout the novel, Patty expresses sentiments like: “There was a more general freedom that she could see was killing her but she was nonetheless unable to let go of” (179). Something in the nature of freedom makes Patty feel as if it is a weight. Franzen suggests that the use of freedom requires one to make a choice, and any time that a choice is possible, an imperfect—or flat-out wrong—choice is possible. Patty does not trust her judgment enough to assume that she can use her freedom in a way that makes her happy and fulfilled.

It is significant that the man she lusts after—Richard Katz—is a predator and a classic, almost clichéd bad-boy type. He is a tall, womanizing, artistically admired musician whose fame will only grow. He is also emotionally unavailable and the opposite of Walter. Patty enjoys Walter’s good qualities, but he does not produce any animalistic lust in her. Richard is a temptation. Walter is more like an affable friend whom she happens to marry. The competition between Richard and Walter is analogous to the competition between predators—especially cats—and birds that underscores Part 4.

When Walter asks why she needed to take the trip with Richard, she says, “It takes a while for a person to sort out what she actually wants. Please don’t blame me for that” (127). But Patty still has no idea what she actually wants. Later, once she comes as close as anyone can to possessing Richard, it does not make her happy. Rather, it will consume her with guilt and eventually lead to the six-year destruction of her marriage.

Franzen uses Patty’s experiences with Eliza to show a pattern in Patty’s behavior. She finds herself in situations that suddenly reveal themselves to be far more intense and inescapable than she had realized. In each case, she proceeds towards a critical event that forces her to make a choice. In the case of Eliza’s feigned leukemia, Patty rejects her. In Richard’s case, she has sex with him in the lake house she shares with Walter. In the aftermath of each scenario, she feels relief and rededicates herself to living a better, more responsible life.

With the ability to view her entire autobiography after a complete reading, Patty’s formative experiences have been: her rape by Ethan Post, her parents’ reaction to it, her time with Eliza, the end of her basketball career, her introduction to Richard and Walter, and her eventual infidelity. Each of these events have one thing in common: Someone blames Patty for the result, even if she is the only one blaming herself. Her parents do not quite blame her for the rape, but they do not react as responsible, loving parents should in the wake of their daughter’s assault. Their reaction gives her the opportunity to doubt herself. This makes it hard for her to see herself as Walter sees her. She writes, “Patty knew, in her heart, that he was wrong in his impression of her. And the mistake she went to go on to make, the really big life mistake, was to go along with Walter's version of her in spite of knowing that it wasn't right. He seemed so certain of her goodness that eventually he wore her down” (74).

Her experience with Eliza shows that she is susceptible to intense flattery. It also shows that she is willing to confine herself to another person and let someone else make decisions for her. Her father—until their reconciliation before his death—is presented as another force of male domination in her life:

Didn’t her dad tease her and ridicule her in ways that would have been simply cruel if he didn’t secretly love her more than anything? But she was seventeen now and not actually dumb. She knew that you could love somebody more than anything and still not love that person all that much, if you were busy with other things (42).

Much of Patty’s autobiography allows Franzen to reinforce this point: When there is unlimited freedom, there is always something new to be distracted by, in the absence of firm commitments.

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