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Content Warning: The source text and guide refer to suicidal ideation, sexual assault of children during war, and sexual grooming of a minor.
Sarah, a housemaid at Longbourn, wakes in the cold morning to launder the Bennet girls’ dirty linens. She is weary, and the work is demanding. Doing their laundry makes Sarah realize that the girls aren’t the “alabaster statues” (4) they look like. While fetching water from the well, Sarah slips on the ice and falls in the pigs’ muck. Sweating in her faded dress as they launder, Sarah helps Polly, the younger housemaid. Her real name is Mary, but because there is a Bennet daughter named Mary, the maid was renamed Polly. As they hang the wash, Sarah spots movement on the lane behind the house and thinks it must be a Scotchman selling trinkets.
They take their supper with Mrs. Hill, the overworked housekeeper, and her husband, Mr. Hill, the aged and increasingly infirm butler. Their dinner is unappetizing, and Sarah eagerly waits for the day to end. She reads from the newspaper about the English desire for a victory over Bonaparte in Spain. Sarah goes to bed and wonders what it’s like to be a peddler, free to travel, even to the sea.
Sarah and Mrs. Hill, serving the family their breakfast, hear Mr. Bennet report that he has hired a footman. Mrs. Bennet is delighted at having a manservant because it will reflect well on the family. Lydia compares Mr. Hill to a spider monkey, and Mrs. Hill holds herself back from reacting. Mr. Hill is aging, and his wife worries for him. Mrs. Bennet suggests the servants thank Mr. Bennet for his thoughtfulness in lightening their load, then dismisses them.
Sarah, carrying a chamber pot, hears Mrs. Hill talking with Mr. Bennet in the library. She knows she is not supposed to eavesdrop, but it sounds like they are quarreling. As Sarah empties the chamber pot outside, she recalls being a six-year-old orphan and meeting Mrs. Hill, who took her out of the parish workhouse. She fed Sarah bread and milk sprinkled with sugar.
Sarah hears the new footman moving furniture in the stable loft, making up his bedroom. Sarah is inexperienced with men. A man wrote Jane poems, but Jane is beautiful, and her suitors are gentlemen. An ordinary man would not have the time to write poetry. Elizabeth is witty, bright-eyed, quick, and lovely. Lydia and Kitty are rowdy flirts. Sarah, in comparison, thinks of herself as “a wrung-out dishrag of a thing” (23). Mr. and Mrs. Bennet are not well-matched, as Mrs. Bennet shows no understanding of her husband. Sarah decides she will remain civil and say good morning to the man. She watches him as he sweeps the yard, looking for an excuse to speak to him. When Mrs. Hill sends her out to pick apples, the new man runs into Sarah with a wheelbarrow, making her shin bleed. Sarah complains about him to Mrs. Hill, who seems distracted. Sarah is disappointed with her encounter.
Mrs. Hill finds James Smith, the new hire, very thin. His clothes are ragged and ill-fitting. She fetches him hot water and a razor. She offers him food, but James says he should earn his meal. He shares little about himself. That night, Mr. Hill polishes the silverware with spit, rubbing off dried food. Sarah thinks James will impress the family, though “[t]he only thing of note about him was that he was a man. And under fifty, and with nice hands” (34). Polly is fascinated by James, but Sarah wishes this change had not come to Longbourn.
The next morning, Sarah goes downstairs with her blisters itching but finds that a fire is going, and the log basket is full. The water tank in the scullery is filled. With these chores done for her, Sarah escapes outside. She realizes that the peddler she thought she saw was James. She wants to know where he came from, but James won’t talk to her. Sarah is frustrated.
As Mrs. Hill tidies Mrs. Bennet’s dressing room, Mrs. Bennet tells her not to bother with a yellow silk dress, calling it a “ragged old thing” (41). Sarah and Polly worked hard to launder it. Mrs. Bennet gives the dress to Mrs. Hill. Mrs. Bennet complains that Mrs. Hill has “no notion of what it is, to be a mother, and to know your children suffer, for want of fatherly attention” (41). Mrs. Hill thinks of all her work while she listens to Mrs. Bennet complain. Mrs. Hill knows Mrs. Bennet is unhappy because she does not have a son and heir to Longbourn. When Mrs. Bennet mentions Netherfield is let to Mr. Bingley, Mrs. Hill thinks of the work Mrs. Nicholls, the housekeeper there, will have to do. Mrs. Bennet wants Mrs. Hill to use her influence with Mr. Bennet.
Sarah recalls a visit to Netherfield, when it seemed full of decay. Now, when she visits alongside the Bennets, Sarah meets a footman. He has brown skin and is “distressingly handsome” (46). Sarah has not seen a Black man before. She pretends not to notice as Mrs. Nicholls is scolded by the male cook. Back at Longbourn, the servants discuss how Mr. Bingley made his fortune in sugar. Polly imagines Netherfield is made of sugar. James describes the triangular trade, in which guns and British wares are shipped to Africa, traded for kidnapped people who are then taken to the Americas and sold, and the British ships return with sugar. Sarah asks how he knows this and is indignant when James assumes she can’t read.
Sarah helps Jane and Elizabeth dress for the evening. Their gowns are soft and beautiful. Sarah takes care not to stain Elizabeth’s dress with the burst blister on her hand. Sarah thinks about the impossibility of ever attending a ball herself. Jane and Elizabeth note that Sarah works hard and never complains. They ask what Sarah does for fun, and when she mentions village dances, they give Sarah a dress. As they leave for the party, appearing luminous, Sarah imagines herself as a shadow. Saran sits with Polly in the scullery, their hiding place, and wonders if there were “somewhere you could just be, and not always be obliged to do” (54). Polly came to the workhouse as an infant and is grateful for her position, but Sarah dimly remembers her family, who died when she was young.
James nervously drives the women to Netherfield; he thinks of the carriage as “a cage filled with pretty birds” (56). He drives them to the assembly rooms in Meryton, waiting outside while they dance. He feels the peace of the place and begins to settle in. Sarah waits up to help the women when they return home, looking for James, too. James lies in bed, thinking his pain is bearable. Mrs. Hill lies awake and thinks, “Wherever you are in this world, the sky is still above you. Wherever you are, God still watches over you; He sees into your heart” (59).
James looks uneasy as the militia arrives in town, and the family invites the officers to dine. Sarah is suspicious, wondering if he is an escaped criminal. One night, when he is gone, she looks through his things. She finds books and, inside an old canvas backpack, seashells.
The Netherfield footman visits. He impresses Sarah with his wit and manners. She thinks how “small and mean and poor” Longbourn must appear after Netherfield (67). Mrs. Hill doesn’t trust him.
Jane goes to Netherfield in the rain. James noticed the way the man from Netherfield looked at Sarah. When he visits again, the footman tells Sarah stories of London. James reports that Jane is ill, and Elizabeth is going to her. Sarah thinks it is considerate of Jane to be ill elsewhere, considering the extra work it makes for the servants. They receive news that Elizabeth is staying at Netherfield, and Mrs. Hill packs the girls a bag, choosing practical items that Jane will need.
Mrs. Hill sends Sarah out of the house on an errand to Meryton, and Sarah feels it is a holiday, with “no one to tell her what to do” (75). She thinks of the Netherfield footman as a parakeet and James as a collie dog. As she passes a new structure for the soldiers, Sarah sees a man chained to a post, being flogged.
Mrs. Hill sends the Netherfield footman off when he arrives. She imagines James and Sarah getting married. James worries over Sarah’s return and walks out to meet her. He realizes he is attracted to Sarah, but she is innocent and has no idea that men are “cold creatures with strange appetites, who did not care what harm they did in satisfying them” (82). Sarah is sickened by the flogging incident.
Sarah is briefly ill. Elizabeth and Jane return in Mr. Bingley’s carriage, accompanied by the footman. Sarah tells him her name, and he introduces himself as Ptolemy Bingley.
This section introduces the viewpoint of an omniscient narrator that moves among the points of view of the major characters while occasionally offering commentary. This reflects a narrative style that is characteristic of 19th-century English novels, including Austen’s works. Structurally, each chapter is headlined with a quote from Pride and Prejudice that comments on the action or theme of the chapter, explicitly connecting the two works. Longbourn is further split into three volumes to reflect the three volumes of Pride and Prejudice, as it was standard for 18th- and 19th-century English novels to be printed in three parts.
The servants at Longbourn mirror and reflect the family depicted in Austen’s novel, but the text gives the well-known characters of Austen’s novel different, deeper dimensions. For example, Mr. Bennet spends much of his time in his library, as he does in Pride and Prejudice, but he is less flippant and long-suffering, with a more somber personality. Mrs. Bennet is still frivolous and fretful, beset by nerves, but her concern for her daughters’ marriages comes across as a sincere concern for their security. The events of Pride and Prejudice are alluded to but mirrored and mimicked in the action unfolding below stairs, where movements are similar in nature but different in impact. While the Bennets are consumed with the arrival of Mr. Bingley in the neighborhood, the servants adapt to the arrival of James. While Mr. Bingley is eagerly welcomed by the Bennets, James is met with caution and curiosity, as he shares little of his past and behaves mysteriously, particularly when the militia arrives in Meryton. Shortly after James’s arrival, Ptolemy Bingley is formally introduced; both men hailing from a broader world that Sarah wishes to see, and she expresses an awareness of the limits placed on her as both a woman and a servant when she reflects that James will impress the Bennets simply because he is a young man, furthering the synchronicities above and below stairs, Sarah is ill when Jane is ill. Sarah’s irritation with James echoes the quarrel between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy in Pride and Prejudice. Additionally, both James and Mr. Darcy appear proud in the first stage in their respective romantic relationship, but they cannot contain their concern, as James demonstrates when waiting for Sarah to return home from Meryton. These synchronicities highlight the similarities between the characters as people while emphasizing the division created by restrictive class structures.
In having the same desires for love and freedom but a lack of agency in achieving either, Sarah is a foil to the soft, pampered Bennet girls; she thinks of her life, in some ways, as a poor copy. The Bennet girls have assemblies and dinners and balls; Sarah has a village dance. And yet Sarah, and the other servants, prove that difference in class status and occupation does not mean a difference in intelligence, ability, or feeling. The same attractions, interests, and hopes are transpiring downstairs as up, as James and Sarah take notice of one another, and Sarah also notices Ptolemy, too. Both men represent change and possibility, introducing a tension for Sarah between Personal Happiness and the Satisfaction of Work. However, due to this restrictive class structure, the obstacles in navigating romance are more challenging for servants like Sarah, as she must devote most of her time to physical labor. Interestingly, the system of the household provides ample opportunity for interaction, however, creating an atmosphere of suspense and potential romance with both Ptolemy and James.
Domestic labor is described as harsh, physically demanding, and wearying. Even little Polly rebels and longs for a bit of ease and freedom, a simple relief from drudgery. Their lives are an ironic contrast to the Bennets, who know nothing of domestic labor and fill their days with leisure. This contrast provides further commentary on Pride and Prejudice, as a point of tension in the text is the class difference between the Bennets, the Bingleys, and Mr. Darcy. In introducing the theme of Class Hierarchies and Visibility in Longbourn, the labor of the servants is presented as invisible to the Bennets—an effect the servants create as they strive to be present and yet inconspicuous. They work with the less lovely parts of life, like emptying chamber pots and cleaning menstrual rags, to maintain luxury and ease for the Bennets, highlighting the extreme differences between the social classes of the era. Mrs. Bennet’s dismissal of the yellow dress, which the maids worked hard to launder and which Mrs. Hill has no use for, illustrates her complete lack of understanding of these differences. Jane and Elizabeth represent a perspective that acknowledges Sarah’s work, and they treat her as a human, gifting her a dress and providing a contrast between them and their mother; Lydia thinks of the servants as animals, comparing Mr. Hill to a monkey.
The text provides aspects of the historical setting that reflect on and contrast with the characters’ emotional lives: They are aware of the wars with Napoleon, as it is the reason for the militia’s presence in Meryton. Sarah’s witnessing the soldier being flogged reflects the unpleasant differential of power and the cruelty possible in military life; it also foreshadows James’s experience of violence in the military. Further, from Sarah’s first sight of James, whom she thinks is an itinerant salesperson, the novel considers those on the outskirts of the genteel life enjoyed by the Bennets and their contemporaries. The tragedy of Sarah’s past, of being orphaned by disease, and Polly’s situation, left on the parish at birth, pose a stark contrast to the ease and security in which the Bennet girls have been raised. Longbourn shows that wealth is largely a function of class, which itself is determined by birth, but human feelings and values are felt across class, questioning the value attached to these social distinctions and presenting the frequent tragedy in these lives, such as James’s secret of birth, being fathered by Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Hill, and Mrs. Hill’s ongoing worries for her son and continued interactions with the man she could not marry. In the case of Ptolemy, he bears the name Bingley and derives a certain pride in being acknowledged as a Bingley, though illegitimate. This presents Ptolemy and James as foils for each other: Ptolemy is given the distinction of the name “Bingley” and derives pride and belonging from this, and James has been abandoned and sent to wander alone for many years before finally returning to Longbourn, the family estate of his father, though his parentage is not yet known to him. Through this parallel, the text explores the subtle distinctions that make life better or worse for those of the same class.
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