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109 pages 3 hours read

Katherine Paterson

Lyddie

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 1991

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Chapters 20-23Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 20 Summary: “B is for Brigid”

Lyddie expands her personal library; inspired by Ezekial, she acquires a copy of the Bible and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave Written by Himself. When she learns that Brigid cannot read, Lyddie uses her method of copying pages to paste to her loom to teach Brigid the alphabet. Each page Lyddie creates features a letter and a drawing of a concept beginning with that letter. Lyddie begins inviting Brigid to meet with her in their spare time so that Lyddie can continue teaching her. Brigid improves as a weaver, able to take charge of two looms by herself, and even assists Lyddie in mentoring the increasing number of new employees in the weaving room. Lyddie finds herself repeating to Brigid phrases Diana once said to her. Her physical strength fully restored, Lyddie is imbued with energy and motivation. Since Lyddie’s return after stomping on his foot, Mr. Marsden has stopped paying her special attention. Lyddie is relieved, feeling that she no longer needs to worry that he may seek an excuse to dismiss her.

Lyddie receives a letter from Charlie reproaching her for not responding to Luke’s proposal, encouraging Lyddie to strongly consider marrying him. She is so angry that she nearly rips the letter to pieces. Another letter arrives, from the asylum at Brattleboro, informing Lyddie that her mother has died. Lyddie notes that her mother is incorrectly referred to as “Maggie” Worthen. Winter comes, the days growing shorter. Lyddie and Brigid grow close, walking out together at the end of each workday. One evening, when Lyddie realizes Brigid is not beside her, she returns to the weaving room to look for her. In the darkness, the lamps snuffed out, Lyddie can hear Brigid’s voice imploring Mr. Marsden to leave her alone. Lyddie rushes toward them and sees that Mr. Marsden is gripping Brigid’s arms the way he had Lyddie’s. Lyddie spies a bucket of water on the floor, a safety measure in case of fire from the lamps. She shouts his name and he releases Brigid, turning around to face her. She lifts the bucket and forces it down over his head, dumping all the water over him and trapping him inside it. She runs from the room with Brigid, overcome with raucous laughter despite the possible implications of her actions.

Chapter 21 Summary: “Turpitude”

The following morning, Lyddie reports to work with a sense of dread. She relives the moments of the previous evening in her mind, wondering why she felt compelled to stuff the bucket on Mr. Marsden’s head. He had stopped his impending assault of Brigid after Lyddie called his name. When she reaches the weaving room, she notes that Brigid is not at her loom. One of Brigid’s neighbors from the part of town known as The Acre approaches Lyddie. She tells Lyddie that Brigid asked her to say that she wasn’t feeling well, but the truth is that Brigid was told not to report to work. No sooner has Mr. Marsden appeared at his post in the weaving room than a clerk approaches Lyddie and asks her to report to the agent’s office.

Lyddie follows him and is ushered into Agent Graves’s office, where she stands awkwardly as he ignores her, busying himself at his desk. When she catches his attention, he informs her that Mr. Marsden has reported to him that she has become a “troublemaker” in the weaving room and that she is a bad influence on the other employees. He asks about her work, and she confirms that she operates four looms, is happy with her earnings, and has no complaints about the long hours she is forced to work. Lyddie asks why she is being called a troublemaker, and Mr. Marsden is brought in. Agent Graves tells Mr. Marsden that Lyddie has asked about the accusations against her. Mr. Marsden’s response is vague, repeating his assertion that she is a troublemaker. Lyddie is disgusted, jumping up from her seat and asking “A troublemaker? Then what be you, Mr. Marsden? What be you, ey?” (167). When pressed by Agent Graves, who points to Lyddie’s excellent work ethic and productivity, Mr. Marsden charges her with “moral turpitude,” claiming that he worries she may have a corrupting influence on her younger peers at the factory (167). Lyddie is at a significant disadvantage; she doesn’t know the definition of turpitude and feels incapable of defending herself. She is told that she can collect the wages owed her and is dismissed from the mill without the precious certificate of good conduct that would have allowed her to seek employment elsewhere.

Chapter 22 Summary: “Farewell”

Lyddie returns to Number Five and begins packing her things, finding that she has amassed so many belongings that she will need to purchase a trunk. When she breaks the news of her dismissal, Mrs. Bedlow is shocked, repeating what everyone believes: that Lyddie is Mr. Marsden’s “best girl.” Lyddie chooses not to explain what led to her dismissal, worried that she bears some responsibility for Mr. Marsden’s advances. She withdraws her savings from the bank, $243.87, and proceeds to the bookshop. For Brigid, she buys a copy of Oliver Twist, and for herself, a copy of the Worcester’s Dictionary. Unwilling to wait to satisfy her curiosity, Lyddie sits down on the sidewalk and looks for the definition of turpitude. Lyddie is appalled when she learns how she has been characterized and wishes she had known the definition so that she could have accused Mr. Marsden of lying about her.

Back at Number Five, Lyddie composes a set of duplicate letters and sets out to find where Brigid lives in The Acre. Lyddie tells Brigid that she has been dismissed but will ensure that Brigid is not only given her job back but will never be bothered by Mr. Marsden again. She hands Brigid a letter detailing the entirety of Mr. Marsden’s actions; it is addressed to his wife. She tells Brigid that if Brigid has any trouble resuming work at Concord Corporation, she should mail the letter. As they part, Lyddie gives Brigid her copy of Oliver Twist, “So you won’t forget me altogether, ey?” (173). After work has concluded at Concord Corporation for the day, Lyddie waits along the row of overseers’ houses for Mr. Marsden. When he approaches, she confronts him, angrily objecting to the lies he told Agent Graves. She provides him with the second copy of her letter detailing his actions, assuring him that the first will be mailed to his wife if Brigid is not reinstated or is bothered in any way. Lyddie travels to Boston to say goodbye to Diana, who has found work in a shop. Lyddie explains the circumstances of her dismissal and offers to help Diana, by which she means provide her with money to repay her for all her kindness. Diana declines but expresses her appreciation. Bidding Diana goodbye, Lyddie boards a coach to return to Vermont.

Chapter 23 Summary: “Vermont, November 1846”

Lyddie stops at Cutler’s Tavern on her way back to her family’s farm, happy to see Triphena but sad to inform her of the sale of the farm and the deaths of her mother and younger sister. Lyddie hopes that she might resume work at the tavern, but when her replacement appears, she realizes she must move forward, not backward. The next morning, Lyddie stops at the Phinney home hoping to see Charlie and Rachel, but Mrs. Phinney informs her that they are both at school. She decides not to linger, pressing on to her family’s farm. She finds that repairs have been made in her absence, the door to the cabin no longer barred by the pile of logs she and Charlie left outside. She lights a fire and sits beside the hearth in her mother’s rocking chair, wondering if she might stay without bothering anyone. Suddenly, Luke enters, having seen her approach, and invites her to dine with his family. She agrees, and as they walk back, she addresses his letter. He is embarrassed, asking where she will go. Lyddie says she will say goodbye to Charlie and Rachel and then proceed to Ohio, where she will attend Oberlin College, explaining that they accept women as students. Luke is surprised and a bit impressed. Lyddie wonders to herself if Luke might wait for her to return, but she doesn’t ask him to. As they walk to his house and he tells her that he will miss her, she is reminded of the poor spelling in her mother’s first letter to her and Charlie and thinks, “We can stil hop” (182).

Chapters 20-23 Analysis

The final chapters of the novel reinforce the theme of The Value of Education in Various Forms. By the novel’s conclusion, Lyddie has learned much about the social, racial, sexual, economic, and gender-based dynamics in which the will of any given individual might be constrained in the mid-19th century. She has also learned how to circumnavigate this distribution of power. Where once she clung to her independence and devoted herself solely to her work, Lyddie has developed attachments to her fellow workers. What happens to Diana foreshadows two considerations that become pertinent to Lyddie. Diana is forced to resign from her job, while Dr. Craven experiences no consequences or drastic changes in his life. Lyddie is fired from the Concord Corporation, while Mr. Marsden’s accusations against Lyddie are believed with little resistance from the employment agent, and Mr. Marsden is allowed to keep his job, though it is likely that suspicions about his conduct abound among the other adult workers at the factory. Paterson is able to indicate Mr. Marsden’s appalling intentions by depicting gestures that are not graphic but nevertheless communicate the baser aspects of what he wants to do. The reader knows only of Lyddie’s evasion by stomping on his foot and Brigid’s escape due to Lyddie’s intervention. It can be presumed, however, that Mr. Marsden has been successful in causing significant harm to factory workers in the past. There is hope that the threat of Lyddie’s letter to Mr. Marsden’s wife will dissuade him from approaching not only Brigid by any of the girls on the weaving room floor, but his enduring position of power speaks to the leniency regularly afforded men of his race and position during the 1840s.

Luke, contrary to Dr. Craven and Mr. Marsden, is a kind, gentle, and morally upstanding person, but the fact that he now controls the Worthen farm echoes the world of gender-based dynamics that Lyddie has now been exposed to. Part of not being a slave means not being attached to a man or earning the rights to her own home by being beholden to him. In the 19th century, women’s rights were nearly nonexistent. No matter how fair and respectful he might be, or how loving and kind a husband, the social constraints of the time would render Lyddie simply an extension of Luke, stripping her of the new identity she has earned for herself. Marriage was also intrinsically linked to the birthing and rearing of children. Married couples without children were an exception. Lyddie has spent much of her childhood raising her mother’s children and marrying Luke immediately instead of pursing her education at Oberlin would likely result in her becoming a mother in the near future. As much as she loves her home and family, Lyddie expresses no eagerness at any point in the novel to have children of her own. Lyddie has also lost all three of the siblings she considered children, and the freshness of this wound likely also deters her from wanting to pursue motherhood in the immediate future.

Lyddie has the sense that marrying Luke would make her a slave; she does not consider that all members of the Stevens family have come to greatly admire her for her strength of will, work ethic, and devotion to her family. They know what she has done for Ezekial, and they would have known that the money came from the proceeds of the sale of the calf. The Stevens family knows the extreme poverty in which Worthens were living; they know that Lyddie could not afford to surrender such a sum to Ezekial, rendering the gift all the more indicative of her generosity. Lyddie’s actions align with their values and would inspire a sense of admiration in them as Quakers. Lyddie frequently reflects on the notion that she is plain and jokes about being physically unattractive. She has never considered herself in a romantic role, and she is just 16 when she leaves Concord Corporation. It does not occur to her to wonder why Luke Stevens would want to marry her; Lyddie is focused on what feels like a transactional relationship between herself, Luke, and his family. She does not imagine that her collective actions over the past three years have been noticed by the Stevens family and that they have all grown to respect and care for her. Lyddie’s sense of self-worth has always come from her confidence in her ability to work, provide, and survive; she does not realize that her strength of character might hold much greater value than any labor she could possibly perform.

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