111 pages • 3 hours read
Tiffany D. JacksonA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more. For select classroom titles, we also provide Teaching Guides with discussion and quiz questions to prompt student engagement.
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Claudia’s misalignment with reality, enabled by the bubble of her friendship with Monday, scaffolds the novel’s nonlinear structure. In the beginning, the bubble seems to be a normal bubble of close friendship between two young girls. Claudia works to keep this bubble intact, even in the face of bullying: “I refused to turn around, no matter how much their words burned holes through my bubble” (73).
The bubble also helped Claudia to deny her dyslexia, since Monday helped her with her schoolwork. When the school counselor finally spoke to Claudia’s parents about the diagnosis, Claudia’s bubble was popped completely: “Once spoken, it shot out like a hot needle and popped the bubble I lived in” (122). Claudia finds her new reality with dyslexia a scary place: She fears being bullied about going to The Learning Center. When she reads Monday’s journal later and discovers Monday’s frustration with having to carry Claudia because of her learning disability, she throws the journal under her bed. The truth about Monday’s feelings challenges the bubble of her perceptions about their friendship, and Claudia refuses to pierce yet another bubble.
When Monday is murdered, Claudia’s mind works to maintain the bubble to the point that Claudia sometimes forgets where she is in her own timeline. She grows closer to Michael and develops new friendships, but she notices that her friends seem to know something about Monday that she doesn’t; she realizes later that two years have passed since Monday’s disappearance. Her use of Monday’s friendship to keep reality at bay continues after Monday’s death. Fortunately, Claudia has supportive parents, a therapist, and Michael’s friendship to help her orient to reality and cope with loss.
On a larger scale, the community’s unwillingness to engage with reality immobilizes them in the face of Monday’s disappearance. Despite knowing about Monday’s history of neglect and abuse, the school doesn’t sound any alarms about her disappearance. The police brush it off, citing their workload and the number of girls like Monday who are also missing. Even Claudia’s mother admits she assumed that CFSA had taken Monday somewhere else; she didn’t bother to find out for herself.
The world often prefers to forget the reality of those who are suffering and disadvantaged. People prefer to live in their own bubbles rather than to take responsibility for the suffering of others. On one hand, some disengagement with reality is self-protective: To truly take in the breadth of the world’s suffering would drive anyone mad. On the other hand, ignoring the realities of neighborhoods like Ed Borough—poverty, family dysfunction, stress, exploitation—allows society to avoid responsibility, perpetuating a system in which no one makes real changes to address inequality.
The racism-driven gentrification of the Ed Borough neighborhood underlies the entire novel. Entire families face displacement and homelessness, affecting individuals like Mrs. Charles and the community as a whole. In the last chapter, Monday’s neighbor summarizes the community’s collapse for Claudia:
I ain’t making excuses […] but that’s what it’s like nowadays. You used to see your family, at least for Sunday dinner. This here used to be a pretty tight community. But now everybody so caught up in this and that, that you don’t notice what’s right in front of you (434).
Projects like Ed Borough were first created by the U.S. government, but when outsiders start to invade and dismantle them, the government does little to nothing to help the residents who are losing their homes. CFSA’s justified intervention into the Charles home fuels Mrs. Charles’s paranoia about the government being out to get her. A feeling of being let down and even targeted by a government that’s supposed to work on their behalf increases community stress, making people feel even more vulnerable.
As the fabric of community unravels, individuals and families experience more stress. Minds under stress often have difficulty seeing all available options. The anxiety April and Monday feel about losing their home to white developers, for instance, keeps them from seeking the help they need to get out of a deeply abusive situation with their mother. Mrs. Charles responds to those stressors by seeking comfort in drugs, which contributes to the mental breakdown that leads her to murder her children.
Claudia and Monday have two distinctly different coming-of-age experiences. Claudia comes from a healthy, mostly well-adjusted family while Monday comes from an abusive, neglectful broken home. If Monday and April had grown up in the Coleman household, and Claudia had grown up in the Charles household, each would likely have had different outcomes.
Monday’s development is tainted by severe poverty and abuse. She acts out sexually, and her sister, April, prostitutes herself to help care for her family. Mrs. Charles’s lack of supervision, and Tip’s absence and lack of financial support, enables their daughters’ sexual exploitation. Yet the community dismisses them as “hos,” deciding that Monday’s and April’s sexual acting out disqualifies them for empathy and help.
In contrast, Claudia’s growing sexual awareness takes a different path. She enjoys Michael’s company and becomes involved with him romantically. She attempts to imitate Monday by trying to perform oral sex on him, but Michael, who is a healthy, self-adjusted young man from a functional family, stops her from doing something she’s not ready to do. Surrounded by people who take care of her and look out for her, Claudia doesn’t experience the exploitation suffered by Monday and April.
Because society sometimes judges female sexual behavior as evidence of a character flaw, it assumes that women who have sex deserve any harm that comes to them—i.e., “yes, but what were you wearing?”—and this judgment is particularly harsh for women who engage in sex work, like April did. Churchgoing girls like Claudia from “respectable” families are looked after. Girls like Monday and April tend to be discarded, even though their sexual acting out often results from the failure of adults and a lack of interest from society at large.
When harm comes to them, young women of color experience the dual cruelties of misogyny and racism. When Detective Carson shows Claudia the raft of missing girls his department is searching for, he dismisses the girls as drama-seeking runaways rather than as girls attempting to flee untenable situations—or girls possibly kidnapped or murdered by their loved ones.
The theme of family privacy and community involvement arises over and over within the novel; after Monday’s body is found, it becomes a national debate. Almost every person Claudia approaches for help in finding Monday has the attitude that family matters are best handled within the family. Institutions like the local school and the police do little to look for Monday, even though evidence suggests she comes from a family in crisis.
As local communities become less tied together in modern society—both under the stresses of gentrification and poverty, as in Ed Borough, and as jobs cluster in cities, forcing people to leave rural communities and their extended family—individuals like the Charles children have no one to look after them when the bonds of family fail. Those who still prioritize local face-to-face communities, like the Coleman family, which embraces church, often have better outcomes and feel more interconnected. Yet even within religious community, the doctrine of “individual responsibility” demands that those in need of help pull themselves up by the bootstraps, even when they lack the financial and emotional resources to do so.
Ironically, Mrs. Charles is one of the only characters who seems to think people should intervene with abusive families; Claudia’s mother believes otherwise. When a local mother is being abused, Ma is dismissive: “‘Patti, she got to leave on her own terms. It ain’t my place!’ Mrs. Charles glared at her. ‘Janet, that man is going to kill her one of these days! Are you going to be able to look yourself in the mirror when he does?’” (90). The age-old question from the Bible—“am I my brother’s keeper?”—is something individuals and society still grapple with today.
By Tiffany D. Jackson