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London, February 4, 1774
While Gage agrees that Franklin’s handling of Hutchinson’s letters is an invasion of privacy, prying into personal mail is common in England. Gage is appalled at the Wetterburn’s attacks on Franklin. When news of the tea scandal reaches London, English citizens call for reprisal. Gage plans to meet with the king’s ministries to speak his mind.
Gage meets with the king, who questions him about the tea incident and Hutchinson. The king believes he is loyal and an “adequate” governor but too timid to quell the growing rebellion. Gage requests four regiments in Boston. The king wants to starve the colonies as a precursor to military action.
April 2, 1774
Two months after his audience with the king, Gage is frustrated at his exclusion from George III’s inner circle. As he and Margaret walk through the gardens of his brother’s estate, they argue about whether home is England or America. A message arrives from Lord North ordering Gage back to the colonies as Hutchinson’s replacement.
Braintree, May 11, 1774
With John Adams increasingly busy in Boston, his wife Abigail rents out their smaller second home to a father and his sons, who work the farm. The sons are polite and hard-working, but their father is an angry loyalist. One day, he returns from Boston with news that the Massachusetts government has been annulled; the citizens are now under the rule of the British army.
Boston, May 13, 1774
Gage returns to Boston and is expected to quell the rebellion; if successful, he fears the king and his ministers will take the credit. He establishes temporary headquarters at Castle William. Hutchinson arrives for the official transfer of power to Gage. He concedes mistakes regarding the Tea Party debacle but argues that calling in troops would’ve meant bloodshed. He suggests that the harshness of the king’s decree will only move the rebellion into secrecy. However, Gage is confident that his troops will restore the crown’s authority. From the battlements of Castle William, he hears the tolling of church bells from Boston. The town is in “mourning.”
Boston, June 17, 1774
With the civilian government dissolved, Adams’s law practice has stopped. Adams is shocked that England thinks force will be effective. Word of the king’s heavy-handed tactics reaches the other colonies. The colonists begin to unite in solidarity.
June 17, 1774
As Adams prepares to relocate to Braintree, Warren stops by with news. The assembly in Salem has elected to send Adams to Philadelphia as Massachusetts’s representative to the Continental Congress. As he leaves Boston the following morning, he encounters a convoy of wagons and carts carrying food and supplies into Boston, a direct rebuke to the army’s attempt to isolate and starve the city. As Governor Gage witnesses the scene, he hears in his mind “the sharp voices of thirteen colonies coming together to speak as one” (192).
Boston, August 9, 1774
Abigail accompanies John Adams to Boston to prepare for the Continental Congress. Unlike his cousin Sam, who advocates complete independence, John hopes to reconcile the issues with England through the mechanisms of the law; he has doubts, however, that the colonies can govern themselves. Abigail grows frustrated with his self-doubt.
August 10, 1774
As the delegates—John Adams, Sam Adams, Robert Paine, and Thomas Cushing—travel to Philadelphia, they are met with questions in each town, but also with unqualified support. The solidarity they encounter eases any doubts of unity.
New York, August 20, 1774
They arrive in New York and are escorted to the city by an armed militia. New York—a city not under siege—bustles with activity and commerce, and Sam worries that solidarity from the New York delegation is unlikely. They pass a statue of King George. The ostentatious displays of wealth suggest that many elite New Yorkers may not be eager to embrace change.
Philadelphia, September 1774
Adams and his fellow delegates are met outside Philadelphia by the city’s own Sons of Liberty, who offer them advice: Don’t use the word “independence” at the Congress to avoid alienating the less-radical delegates. They arrive at the boarding house and meet the other representatives. Sam assesses the group, searching for potential allies.
September 6, 1774
When British troops confiscate guns and munitions from Charlestown, Massachusetts, rumors spread that the mission has turned into a massacre, and a sizable militia surrounds Boston to confront the returning troops. Although the no one has been killed, the rumor reaches Philadelphia, inciting even the most conservative members of the delegation.
The delegates convene at Carpenter’s Hall as a symbolic show of solidarity with the city’s working class. Adams and his fellow delegates discuss the rumors, but Sam is skeptical. As the Congress convenes, the members call for a moment of prayer to commemorate the presumed victims of violence in Boston. When the truth finally reaches the delegates, they are relieved, and yet Adams is aware that, for those few precious hours, all the delegates stood united with Boston.
In this section, King George’s oppressive tactics—dissolving the assembly and placing the military in charge—highlights the theme of The Privilege and Abuse of Power. The king and his supporters in Parliament cannot imagine the colonial “rabble” standing up to the mightiest army in the world. England cannot see the groundswell of a new era of democracy and self-government. However, forward thinkers like Sam Adams and Joseph Warren are at the vanguard of this political wave, advocating for The Radical Concept of Self-Government. Another of England’s miscalculations is assuming that the colonies will remain divided as 13 separate entities willing to sacrifice Massachusetts in order to remain a part of the British Empire. The King’s policies, however, rather than subduing his subjects, incite them to greater acts of civil disobedience. The formation of the Continental Congress is the first sign that unrest has spread beyond the borders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
The willingness of the relatively peaceful colonies to come to the aid of Massachusetts demonstrates the depth of revolutionary sentiment in the colonies. However, this outcome was a surprise to figures like John Adams, who is also amazed at the amount of support he receives as he travels to Philadelphia. This suggests that though the colonies are separate and maintain different identities, they all profoundly feel The Tension of Conflicting Identities with England. The dissolution of Massachusetts’s regional, autonomous government is so draconian that the other colonies realize that their own stable situations could change at any time. If the king will respond to a colony’s right to protest with such severity, then he will surely use an iron fist with other colonies that will inevitably need to speak for themselves. Although the rumors of Boston’s destruction are false, they serve a useful purpose—unification: “They had reacted to the rumors as one body, one people” (210). Even Governor Gage recognizes this unification earlier when he witnesses people smuggling goods into Boston, noting “the sharp voices of thirteen colonies coming together to speak as one” (192).
England’s monarchy allows one person to bypass debate and counterargument and thereby avoid better alternatives. A king whose power is rooted in divine right cannot, by definition, be wrong, and such a ruler is further supported by advisors who seek to gain favor by reminding the king of his divine authority. The colonists understand this, and they eventually conclude that defiance with a single voice is the only logical response to a dictating single voice. Further, the use of a single voice that actually represents many minds working together presents an American advantage: Before entering Philadelphia, the delegates are warned not to use the word “independence” so as to appeal to the more moderate members. They are strategizing in order to prepare for many personalities and mindsets, which presents a realistic approach to forming rebel groups. Additionally, Adams observes the bustle and success of New York and thinks it unlikely that they will be persuaded to rebel, which further demonstrates his use of logic; rather than assuming things will go as they want them to, as the king does, the Sons of Liberty and delegates from each colony are cautiously hopeful. However, their preparedness to defend Massachusetts foreshadows a future union. It is important to note that the surprise of colonists like Adams in finding large amounts of support means that those in England are even less aware; if delegates from the colonies are still shedding light on their own positions, then England is operating in the dark.
American Revolution
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Books on U.S. History
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Challenging Authority
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Class
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Class
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Colonialism & Postcolonialism
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Community
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Equality
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Family
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Fathers
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Fear
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Globalization
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Hate & Anger
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Marriage
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Memorial Day Reads
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Military Reads
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Mortality & Death
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Power
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Revenge
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Teams & Gangs
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The Past
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War
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