44 pages • 1 hour read
Tomasz JedrowskiA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
In America, Ludwik cannot sleep through the night, thinking of Janusz and disturbed by the sirens that remind him of Warszawa and the country he left only one year ago. As he sits up, he hears on the radio that martial law has been declared in the Socialist Republic of Poland because of the strikes and pro-democracy protests associated with the rise of Solidarność, the first independent trade union. Ludwik begins writing to Janusz because he can never forget him, although he is unsure if Janusz will ever read it. Ludwik begins by writing about Beniek, a boy he meets at nine years old.
Ludwik grows up in Wrocław. His is one of the many families forced to relocate there from other parts of Poland. Ludwik has known Beniek for almost his entire life, sometimes playing together but only becoming actual friends as they prepare for their First Communion. After classes, they go into the city and explore, and Ludwik occasionally goes to Beniek’s house. At the Eisenszteins, Beniek shows him records sent from his cousins in the West. It is where Ludwik is introduced to the Beatles. As they spend more time together, Ludwik grows jealous of Beniek’s dad, as his own father left his family and remains absent. One day, Ludwik asks his mother if Beniek can come to live with them and be like a brother, but his mother says that he cannot, because Beniek is too different.
Ludwik is confused, but on a Saturday after playing in the rain, Beniek and Ludwik go back to Ludwik’s house where Granny makes them strip naked to dry off. Ludwik finds himself excited to see Beniek naked but shocked to discover that his penis, circumcised, looks different from his own. On their overnight First Communion excursion, their group hosts a dance. Though it takes a while for the boys and girls to mingle, they have fun until the lights go out. In the darkness, Ludwik feels a desire to kiss Beniek and pulls him close, but the lights come back on before they can kiss. Beniek is startled but not angry. All night and for days after, Ludwik is confused and guilty.
The day of the First Communion arrives, but Beniek is missing. When Ludwik goes to his apartment, he is chased off by the mother of a new family. A neighbor peeks out from a door and tells Ludwik that the Eisenszteins went to Israel and are not returning. Ludwik is crushed. He writes to Janusz, asking him if he ever had a young love like that, though he is not convinced that everyone suffers like he did.
In 1980, in Warszawa, Janusz and Ludwik board the same bus going to a summer agricultural work program. Both are students, but neither knows the other yet. Ludwik sits with his friend Karolina and reads Quo Vadis. For years, Ludwik has read books to escape, and as the bus prepares to depart, he reflects on his liking of the in-between feeling of leaving. Karolina is like a sister to Ludwik, giving him many secret books, though he is unsure if she realizes he is gay. Once, she took him to a gay bar, and he got very uncomfortable and agitated that she thought he would like it. At the bar, he heard some men talking about a book by James Baldwin called Giovanni’s Room. He eventually tracked it down through multiple bookstores. He brings it to camp, its pages glued into a new cover. At the camp, Ludwik makes eye contact with Janusz and becomes flustered, discovering that they will be in the same work group picking beets.
That night, Ludwik thinks of how his Granny scolded his mother when he was younger for letting him sleep in her bed after having nightmares, saying that it would make him abnormal. Growing up, Ludwik felt shame about his attraction to boys. He recalls a time when it finally became too much, and he went into the city one day after school, bought some alcohol, and went to a park well-known for being a meeting place for gay men. As he waited on a bench, an older man approached him, took him to a secluded area, and performed oral sex on him. Afterward, they talked and introduced themselves. The man’s name is Marian. He told Ludwik that he lives alone and that no gay man, even the married ones with families, can find love for more than a few weeks at a time. Terrified, Ludwik committed to changing and found a girlfriend the next week. Granny and his mother had been so proud.
As the camp begins, Ludwik watches Janusz from afar, admiring him and spending time with Karolina. Ludwik does not know what to do after graduation, and though he is encouraged by a professor to pursue a PhD in literature, he is unsure if he wants to. During his free time, Ludwik occasionally goes for walks, and one day he finds Janusz swimming in a nearby river. They introduce themselves and though Janusz wants him to join for a swim, Ludwik refuses. They begin to acknowledge each other during the day and spend time together after work at the river. Both like to clear their heads away from the camp. Ludwik begins reading Giovanni’s Room and feels a deep connection to the protagonist’s uncertainty and pain. Ludwik reads it alone, but one day, Janusz stumbles on him reading it and Ludwik cautiously explains the novel to him, admitting that it is a banned book. Despite this, Janusz is interested and asks to read it afterward.
The book makes Ludwik closely examine his own double life of living with the secret of his sexuality. It fills him with anxiety. He begins avoiding Janusz, not going to the river or meeting his eye as he sits with his friends in the mess hall. However, one day, Janusz finds him and asks for the book again. Ludwik gives it to him, thinking that there is no harm in it as there is only a week left of the program before they part and never see each other again. He spends the entire week worrying that Janusz will figure out his secret. On the last night, at the celebratory fire, Janusz finds him. He tells Ludwik that he understands why the book is banned and then asks why he stopped coming to the river. Ludwik realizes that Janusz knows why. Janusz then invites Ludwik to come with him to the lake district before returning to the city.
Ludwik lives much of his life struggling to overcome this internalized shame. From an early age, he feels intense shame whenever he acknowledges his desire for and attraction to other men. The shame forces Ludwik to live a double life in which he hides an essential aspect of his identity. The first instance in which this shame attacks him is in the aftermath of his attempted kiss with Beniek: “That evening, I lay in the dark in my bed, above Beniek, and tried to examine this shame. It was like a newly grown organ, monstrous and pulsating and suddenly a part of me. It didn’t cross my mind that Beniek might be thinking the same” (13). The shame that rises from pulling Beniek close to him becomes a part of Ludwik and does not totally recede as he grows older. As he sits in bed, he grapples with The Friction of Desire and Shame, not yet understanding the relationship between the feelings of desire that naturally arise in him and the deeply negative emotions that follow. It is a question that Ludwik grapples with, painfully, believing for much of his life, as he does in this bunk, that his shame, like his desire, separates him from others. He does not believe that Beniek may experience the same shame and therefore draws inward, seeking resolution alone rather than trying to find support through connection, further leading him to live a double life.
When Ludwik arrives at the camp to harvest beets for the summer, he is introduced to Comrade Leader Belka, a man in whom Ludwik recognizes a similar struggle. Ludwik’s double life does not only stem from his shame over his sexuality but also from his inability to express his true political beliefs, which are opposed to communism. When Comrade Belka introduces himself, Ludwik senses a similar double identity: “There was something imperious in his voice and something both weary and angry about his manner. It was the same anger and weariness I’d observed in my schoolteachers, those who struggled to believe in the system yet punished others for doing the same” (23). This public appearance, in which people seek to punish and condemn others for outwardly expressing their doubts and concerns for the system of communism that makes their lives difficult, is a direct result of The Impact of Repressive Society on Personal Identity. Ludwik witnesses the same attitude in his teachers and recognizes that each person hides their identity and thoughts to keep themselves safe and acceptable to society. In each of these people, including Ludwik himself, there is another person, with individual beliefs informed by their experiences with communism. However, because the social consequences of dissension are so heavy in Soviet Poland, they stay hidden beneath a public mask to keep themselves safe. Even at a young age, Ludwik recognizes that his repressive society fosters duplicity and hypocrisy among its citizens.
As Ludwik begins his adult life after graduation, he confronts more political tension than he did in his younger years. Not only do he and Janusz disagree on many topics linked to the Party and communism, but Ludwik also finds that such beliefs can determine and influence his professional career. As he considers a PhD in literature, he expects his topic to be largely influenced by the leanings of the Party and their visions of what is acceptable, even if it is against his own beliefs:
something politically useful, a topic I’d be stuck with for years. And I knew I wouldn’t be able to stand teaching […] not with the simple truths everyone knew, our longing for Western comforts, our hatred for the Soviets, unmentionable or punished by dismissal (37).
As he grows older, Ludwik comes to realize that The Antagonism of Cold War Politics can result in more severe consequences than uncomfortable conversations with Janusz. With many of Ludwik’s personal interests and passions deemed anti-Party, he will struggle to find meaningful joy in his work. Additionally, the nature of living a double life will become more engrained in his everyday activities, as his role as a teacher will mean stricter adherence to Party politics and beliefs. His performance must be more convincing, as the penalties for dissenting will be severe.