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55 pages 1 hour read

John Wyndham

The Chrysalids

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1955

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Chapters 1-4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary

Content Warning: This section contains descriptions of child abuse and death by suicide.

Narrated by protagonist David Strorm, who is 10 years old when the novel opens, the story begins with David recounting a recurring dream he had when he was younger. He dreamt of a city along the sea with airplanes and cars, although he does not refer to these things by name. David lives in a world “after God sent Tribulation” (5) and has never seen the ocean or a city before. He recalls asking his older sister, Mary, about these dreams, and he suggests that he is dreaming of the “wonderful world that the Old People had lived in” (5). Mary warned David never to speak of his dreams to anyone, and David explains that people in his district do not take kindly to anything different or strange, including the fact that he is left-handed. This advice from his sister protects him, as he hints toward the telepathic abilities that he and his cousin Rosalind share.

One day, David goes to play along the riverbank when he encounters a girl he has never seen before. She has curly hair and seems cautious but friendly, and says her name is Sophie. She is from a foreign country on the other side of the bank. She noticed David sliding down the bank into a pile of sand and asks to try it, and David invites her to do so. Her serious expression turns to one of glee as she slides down again and again.

Her foot becomes wedged between two rocks, and she and David attempt to pull it out, but it will not budge. David suggests removing the shoe to get her foot loose. She starts to cry as the pain worsens, but she does not scream or howl, and David considers her quite brave. Sophie adamantly insists that she cannot take her foot out of her shoe, but David knows there is no other way, so she makes him promise not to tell anyone what he sees. David sees that Sophie has an extra toe on her foot. He helps her get home and goes to fetch her mother from her house. David is invited inside and watches as Mrs. Wender tends to Sophie’s foot.

After Sophie is bandaged and fed, her mother carries her up to bed and thanks David. She stares into David’s eyes with desperation. He tries to assure her she can trust him by sending thoughts to her, but she cannot hear him through her worry. She asks David to swear he will never tell anyone about Sophie’s extra toe, and David agrees, though he is unsure why it is so important. He asks if he can visit again, and Sophie’s mother hesitantly agrees.

On his walk back along the bank, David has an epiphany and thinks about the church’s Definition of Man: “God decreed that man should have one body, one head, two arms […]” (10). The church considers anyone who does not fit its perfect image to be blasphemous, an inhuman abomination. David is confused, as he was taught that blasphemy is something to fear, but there is nothing to fear about Sophie. This becomes the moment where David’s worldview changes forever.

Chapter 2 Summary

David makes his way home through the woods, which he is supposed to avoid due to the possibility of large animals. He sneaks into his room through a window.

The district of Waknuk developed over the decades into a God-fearing community shaped by its faith and the land. Approximately 100 families live there. David describes his house as a U-shape with farm rooms and stock sheds on one side and various dairy and farm rooms on the other hand, with a large yard in the middle. Family life is centered around the living room, which is also a kitchen. David’s family consists of his parents, his sisters, and his Uncle Axel, as well as the maids, cooks, farmhands, and their children. The house was built by his grandfather, Elias Strorm, 50 years before, partially with material from the Old World. It is the oldest house in Waknuk.

Elias emigrated from the East due to an undefined conflict he had with the culture there. Elias had “eyes that could flash with evangelical fire beneath bushy brows” (16) and constantly thought and spoke of God. He married a woman 25 years younger than himself, who was light and golden when they met but whom he turned into “a sad, grey wraith of wifehood” (16). She died after having her second son, Joseph, David’s father. Joseph adopted Elias’s faith without a second thought.

Around the house are various wooden panels preaching purity as the means to salvation, such as “The norm is the will of God” (18). When a creature is born that is not within this perfect norm, it is called an “Offence” and slaughtered. When “defects” occur among humans, they are referred to as Blasphemies. The same is true for crops, and the family occasionally burns their entire harvest if Joseph deems it an abomination. Despite this, the farm and family prosper, and their land continues to grow. Outside of Waknuk, which is frontier land converted into agricultural land, lie the Fringes and the Badlands. People who live in the Fringes are called Deviations or Blasphemies, who are cast out due to “defects” large and small. They come into Waknuk to steal supplies, food, weapons, and sometimes children. David refers to an overarching government in Rigo, a place in the East where laws are made.

Chapter 3 Summary

David starts visiting Sophie regularly, and after she heals, she begins showing him around the land that she lives on. On one such occasion, David takes Sophie to see the Waknuk steam engine, which is the only one for over 100 miles. They watch it for a while before talking about the Old People. Sophie’s father believes that the stories about these people are too fantastical to be true, but David insists that they are. When they return to Sophie’s home, her father, John, has returned from a hunting trip. David and John get along, but David senses an unease from John at times. He thinks this is because David’s father is Waknuk’s most devout evangelical.

He recalls a night a month ago when he splintered his hand and cut it open. While attempting to tie a rag around it, David casually remarked that it would be easier with a third hand, simply as a matter of expression. His father overheard this, and the entire room fell silent as Joseph yelled about how David had blasphemed against the Lord by expressing “dissatisfaction with the form of the body God gave [him]” (27). David protested, but Joseph moved into a lengthy prayer. David was sent to his room and punished, and he lay awake thinking about Sophie and her toe.

When he finally fell asleep, he had a terrible nightmare in which Sophie was captured for Purification. Joseph approached her with a knife as she cried and begged those standing by to help her. Nobody moved or even showed emotion as Sophie was held down and killed. David woke panicked and distraught. He knew that if Sophie’s parents heard how deeply this dream disturbed him, they would not worry about him revealing their secret.

Chapter 4 Summary

A series of events is set into motion, and David’s life begins to change. One afternoon, he is talking to Rosalind telepathically but speaking out loud because it helps get messages through more clearly. Uncle Axel finds David talking to himself, and when David explains that he was speaking to Rosalind in his mind, Uncle Axel becomes grave and makes David promise never to tell anyone else. Further, he is not to speak out loud while using this form of communication anymore. Uncle Axel tells David he will understand the reasons for this when he is older, and he asks David to have Rosalind make the same promise.

David decides not to tell Uncle Axel that there are other children with the same ability. That night, David brings forth the concern to the other telepathic children, who have long suspected that this is something they should not tell others about. They each agree to keep the secret, and this promise solidifies them as a group.

Soon after, a major invasion from the Fringes takes place, and the Waknuk men battle them. They storm out on horseback and capture some of the Fringe leaders. When they return with their captives, David notices that one of them looks exactly like his father. The man stares at David, seemingly recognizing him, and David notices that the man’s arms and legs are much longer than usual, referring to him as spiderlike. The man beckons David to come closer and asks who his father is, and when Joseph sees the man, he appears to be in shock. Although David is never told who the man is, it is implied that he is Joseph’s banished brother.

When Joseph hears that a distant relation purchased two oversized horses, he goes to see them and finds the sight disgusting. He insists they are Offences and should be destroyed, but the inspector in charge of investigating such matters insists that the horses were bred intentionally and “normally.” David recalls a similar incident in which Joseph found out that a neighbor owned a tailless cat and killed it. The inspector discovered that tailless cats were a “normal” breed, and Joseph made a public apology.

David and Sophie spend more time together, and because Sophie does not have access to books or other people, David tells her what he learns and hears. He tells Sophie of Waknuk’s fabled history. The land was originally called Labrador and got much colder than it does now. David tells Sophie that there are only 300 years of recorded history and that only the Bible and a book called Repentances survived Tribulation. Aside from word of mouth and these two books, people know very little about the past or how long-ago Tribulation was. David intentionally avoids telling Sophie about ethics, which for the people of Waknuk means humanity’s obligation to rebuild itself after Tribulation while avoiding temptation and traps. Most importantly, the human form must be kept pure and perfect if humanity is ever to fall back into God’s good graces.

Chapters 1-4 Analysis

The exposition of The Chrysalids paints an isolated picture of Waknuk, its values, and its operations. Protagonist and narrator David’s views of the world at this time are influenced almost solely by the doctrine instilled by his parents and community. They live according to the Bible and a book written after Tribulation called Repentances and have strict policies regarding deviational births and crop growths. The Definition of Man describes the human form before Tribulation, with two eyes, two ears, ten fingers and toes, etc. Due to nuclear fallout, children are often born with mutations that are deemed blasphemous. Even the smallest mutation is enough to disqualify someone as human, and these people are sent to the Fringes to live out their days. Mutated crops are simply burned, and farmers experience losses they simply must cope with. The people of Waknuk are opposed to change, and The Dangers of Resisting Change eventually lead to their downfall. They are not aware of the nuclear war, as they live an old-fashioned existence without education. They instead believe that the problems they experience are the result of God’s anger toward humanity. Ironically, they imitate the image of the Old People, who were supposedly the ones who angered God into destroying them.

David’s father is Waknuk’s leader and is in charge of delivering sermons. He is more passionate and pickier than most about maintaining perfection, and David describes his faith as being “bred into his bones” (16). David has always found the warnings plastered around his home to be unsettling (“WATCH THOU FOR THE MUTANT!.... THE NORM IS THE WILL OF GOD”) (18), but never really understood why. It is many years before David breaks free of this programming, and he continues to repeat the words he hears in church and feels doubtful when people present alternative perspectives of God and evil. David is 10 years old and has no knowledge of the outside world, even the world outside his district; however, he is a curious and brave child and often explores the outskirts on his own. When he meets Sophie—his first exposure to something new—it is a pivotal moment that transforms his entire worldview. Throughout the novel and his growth into adulthood, David constantly experiences moments of cognitive dissonance as he wrestles between the doctrine he was raised with and what he intuitively knows to be right. David’s natural impulse to reject his father’s exclusionary doctrine emphasizes the limits of indoctrination. His rebellion begins with Sophie as he secretly spends time with her and teaches her what little he knows of the world. David’s interactions in these early chapters with Sophie, the other telepathic children, and Uncle Axel illustrate the theme of Purity, Prejudice, and the Rippling Effects of Fear. Waknuk and Joseph are positioned as oppressors, and David will emerge as the young hero archetype in this coming-of-age story.

Since the story is narrated by David with the perspective of hindsight in adulthood, it creates dramatic irony; David knows what is coming next and what he will learn, but the child version of David does not. He often hints toward this fact and how the views he held as a child were decidedly ill-informed: “I lived, in fact, on the most prosperous farm in a prospering district. At the age of ten, however, I had little appreciation of that” (22). David thus charts his own personal growth throughout his adolescence. When David sees his uncle, a Fringe leader with long arms and legs, it does not sink in at this point that he could one day experience the same fate.

David begins his story by describing a dream of a great city he had never seen before as a child. This city turns out to be real, but it is not until David is nearly an adult that he finds this out. As such, David’s dream is prophetic, a heroic trait, and this illustrates that his abilities go beyond telepathy. The story both begins and ends with this city, as David and the others arrive there in the novel’s final moments. This creates the sense that everything in David’s life has come full circle; this is where he is meant to be, and the learning experiences along the way allowed him to reach it. David also has dark dreams, including one of Sophie being sacrificed after her sixth toe is discovered. These dreams about Sophie instill empathy in him and push him toward the realization that the world he lives in is cruel.

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