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Guy SajerA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Soviet forces retake Kharkov, and while the Gross Deutschland division is able to repulse them in spots, the overall situation is very bleak for Germany. Their captain tries to inspire them with stories of German superiority, telling them they are trying to “revive the ancient virtues buried under the layers of filth bequeathed to us by our forebears” (217). They continue to conduct a fighting retreat, often losing equipment that cannot be replaced. The German high command had been hoping to stem the Soviet tide, but in defending untenable positions sacrifices soldiers and equipment. While they inflict horrendous casualties on the enemy, the Soviets continue to outnumber them. Sajer and his fellow soldiers cling to their position on the west side of the Dnieper River, but with winter about to set in, they are prepared for the worst. Yet they receive reinforcements and an encouraging amount of fresh supplies, including tanks, and so they have “the impression, for a couple of weeks, that we once again controlled the steppe” (227). Sajer’s unit moves across the front, finding and probing weak points in the Soviet position, winning many tactical victories while the overall strategic situation remains unclear. While passing through a small village still occupied by Soviet civilians, they fall under heavy artillery fire, and just as Sajer’s unit is about to panic, their counterfire luckily hits a gasoline dump and they recover their courage as the Russians reel from the explosions. They charge ahead to a nearby factory, suffering casualties but advancing and taking prisoners. Noticing how “after two years in Russia, visible death meant nothing at all” (237), Sajer fights through a heap of corpses, and they seize control of the factory that has now been reduced to ruins. Despite their success, “no one smiled. We knew that our victory couldn’t make any difference to the outcome of the war, and only hoped that it might have some strategic interest” (239).
Exhausted and thirsty, Sajer look for a place to decamp, worrying that his unit might have to execute the many prisoners they are carrying with them. They rest briefly among the ruins of shelled buildings, awakening to find each other in a condition where “our closest relatives would probably have hesitated before identifying us” (243). They all wonder how they can go on in such a wretched state, desperately hoping that the German high command will order an end to the war. Sajer falls ill with fever as the battle continues and Soviet forces threaten to encircle their unit. Their captain insists on the need for a “swift and brutal breakthrough by all our forces pressing at a single point” (249). But before they can press the attack, they fall under terrible shell fire, and the entire unit frantically tries to retreat. In their haste, they abandon many of their comrades, especially the wounded, and though they escape encirclement, they do so at the cost of nearly half their remaining soldiers.
Bad weather slows their retreat to the Dnieper River, but it also gives them relative cover from air attacks by the Soviets, who had achieved tactical superiority. They finally reach the banks of the Dnieper after a week of nonstop marching, having lost many more men to the toll of the journey. There are not enough motorized boats to carry so many men over an 800-yard wide river, and so priority goes to the severely wounded. After a few days, Soviet tanks arrive, and “madness seemed to be spreading like wildfire” (257). The tanks are actually headed elsewhere, but Sajer still decides to walk upriver and find a more favorable spot for crossing. He and other soldiers walk through the darkness, surrounded by sounds of fire from both sides of the river. As the sounds get closer, including the unmistakable roar of Soviet tanks, they decide to wade into the river, taking cover under some fog. They get out of the water only to be attacked by planes, but German anti-aircraft fire, followed by the unexpected arrival of German aircraft, fends the planes off. Evacuations continue under this brief spell of calm, and a captain tells Sajer that they can expect to cross the following day, followed by leave. Unable to find his friends, he wonders if his survival will force him to “renounce the friendships which had seen [him] through so much” (267). Rain continues, and Soviet bombers appear again the next day, but by early evening the Germans are preparing to cross. They cross safely, feeling as if they have finally established “a barrier between [themselves] and the war itself” (269). The Germans believe that though they have retreated far, they will hold fast where they are, having won the support of the local population.
In a five-act tragedy, such as those of William Shakespeare, the third act typically marks the decisive point that sets the protagonist down the path toward downfall. Oftentimes, the tragedy is made certain by the very effort to avoid it. Sajer, of course, survives his extraordinary ordeal, and would go on to live a very long life (dying days before his 95th birthday). Yet in the five-part structure of the book, the parallel with the conventional tragic structure is unmistakable. By this point in the book, it is undeniable that German forces are in a general retreat and the Red Army is gaining a strategic edge that will be all but impossible to reverse. The only rational reason for future fighting is to cover one’s withdrawal to avoid complete collapse. Yet Germans like Sajer’s captain persist in the illusion that theirs is a righteous mission: “We are trying […] to change the face of the world, hoping to revive the ancient virtues buried under the layers of filth bequeathed to us by our ancestors” (217). Such language may sound especially galling coming from the mouth of a Nazi officer, but it has its desired effect on Sajer.
Hope in the Face of Death also comes to the foreground in this section. As the beleaguered soldiers reckon with the very real possibility of dying, they cling to hope that at least their deaths may mean something. The captain in his speech suggests that death will be worthwhile if it allows them to liberate civilization, and Sajer finds that his captain’s “obvious and passionate sincerity affected even the most hesitant, and seemed of another order than the standard appeals to our sense of sacrifice, which left us stupefied and incredulous” (218). This is an illusion that lasts just long enough to seal the fate of the characters, who either die, disappear, or endure a lifetime of trauma after having every last ounce of hope stripped away from them. Before long, Sajer notices his own hope leaving him, as he realizes that death means nothing to him and that victory is equally meaningless: No matter how many casualties they inflict on the enemy, it is only a matter of time before the Red Army pushes them back once again. Ultimately, Sajer will come to look with a mixture of envy and pity on those capable of hope. However, at this point, he has not totally given up hope. Even after being pushed back into Germany, he and others cling to the “fantasy” that the homeland will generate the moral qualities necessary to effect a reversal. Having committed himself to this illusion, Sajer is about to endure its absolute disintegration.