54 pages • 1 hour read
Jeffrey EugenidesA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of mental illness, substance use, suicidal ideation, and sexual content.
It is spring, and Madeleine and Leonard, newlyweds, are living at Madeleine’s parents’ home. They are sleeping in Madeleine’s childhood bedroom, which is decorated with wallpaper depicting illustrations from the children’s book Madeline by Ludwig Bemelmans. Madeleine has been accepted to Columbia, and they plan to move into an apartment in New York. Leonard, however, has recently been hospitalized, and Madeleine does not like to leave him alone, fearing that he may attempt suicide.
One day, Madeleine wakes to find that Leonard is not in bed beside her. He suffers from insomnia and sometimes retreats to a guest room during these times. A friend of hers from college is working for her father’s real-estate company and urges Madeleine to go into the city to see an apartment that is sure to be snatched up. Though Leonard initially refuses to take the trip, he suddenly changes his mind.
The narrative shifts back in time to present Leonard’s manic period from Madeleine’s point of view: Not only does the return of his libido signify to her that he is, at last, improving, but Leonard also becomes outgoing and gregarious, hosting parties and organizing gatherings—even rounding up coworkers from the lab for a spontaneous trip to a nearby casino. When Leonard proposes marriage, Madeleine decides to give Leonard an opportunity to get to know her parents before informing them of the news of their plans. Her mother has, since the October trip, called several times to warn Madeleine about how difficult a commitment to a partner with bipolar disorder could be, even sending a magazine article. Madeleine accused her mother of being judgmental and refused to travel to her parents’ home to celebrate Thanksgiving. However, she and Leonard spend three days over Christmas with them, and Madeleine is certain that the trip goes well. Leonard is trim, healthy, and personable. After the holiday, she informs her parents of their plans to marry. Neither is receptive, but a small ceremony is held nonetheless, and the couple leaves immediately after for a European honeymoon.
The honeymoon initially goes well: Madeleine is delighted to show Leonard—who has never been to Europe—around Paris. They enjoy restaurants, and Leonard’s mood is light and pleasant. Slowly, Madeleine notices that things are not right: He makes strange and extravagant purchases, he begins boasting about his superior language skills and gets easily angered whenever Madeleine tries to help him, he drinks excessively and insists on chatting with everyone at the bars, and he handles Madeleine roughly when they have sex. As they travel from city to city, Madeleine grows more concerned. She checks Leonard’s pill bottles, and it appears that he is taking his medication.
One night in Monaco, Leonard rounds up a group of other Europeans and rushes them off to a casino. Madeleine stays at the hotel, and as her worries about Leonard mount, she decides to call his doctor back in the US. The doctor insists that Leonard needs to go to a hospital for a psychological evaluation immediately.
Madeleine finds Leonard in the casino and stays by his side until he has no more money left to gamble with. She calmly asks him to come with her, and at first, he does, but then he suddenly darts off. Madeleine loses sight of him, and Leonard disappears. When he does not return to the hotel, Madeleine is able to use connections to contact the American ambassador to France, and a search is made. Madeleine’s mother arrives in Monaco 18 hours after the search begins, and, shortly after, Madeleine is notified that a man with no identification—found shirtless on the beach—has been admitted to a hospital for psychosis and minor injuries.
At the hospital, Leonard has been sedated with an anti-psychosis drug not available in the United States. When he wakes up, he is remorseful and apologetic. The story of his escapades comes out: After a night of gambling with Swiss bankers (whom Leonard convinced to loan him money after agreeing to split his winnings), Leonard was thrown out of a casino for card counting. He followed the bankers back to a hotel, where Leonard boasted that he could jump from one balcony to another. After hitting a railing and falling, he wandered to the water, removing his clothing. When he attempted to enter another hotel, the police were called. Leonard remains hospitalized and is discharged in May; the couple travels back to Paris by train to return to the US.
The narrative returns to the present moment: Madeleine and Leonard take the one-hour train ride from New Jersey into the city. On the taxi ride to the apartment, Leonard is anxious because of the heat, and Madeleine fears that he might have a panic attack. Kelly, Madeleine’s realtor friend, shows them the apartment, which Madeleine agrees is perfect. Leonard, however, pulls Madeleine aside and expresses concern that he would not be able to afford much of the rent. Madeleine convinces him, however, that they cannot live with her parents forever, and Leonard agrees to sign the lease.
While Kelly prepares the papers, Madeleine and Leonard have coffee in a nearby diner. Madeleine orders Leonard a slice of apple pie with cheese, and it reminds him of their first “date.” After signing the papers, Kelly reminds Madeleine that a friend from Brown, named Dan, is throwing a party nearby that evening. Eager to see old friends, Madeleine convinces Leonard to attend.
Dan’s apartment is hot but filled with people whom Madeleine remembers. Leonard immediately flees to a bedroom, and Madeleine lets him. She thinks about how tired she is of the constant responsibility of keeping him safe. She drinks bourbon and enjoys herself. When she is ready to leave, she heads to the bedroom to retrieve Leonard. She finds him talking with Mitchell, who returned from India just three days ago. He and Madeleine chat briefly; he congratulates her on her marriage and asks if she received his letter. Madeleine did not. She suggests that they might meet up sometime now that she will be living in New York.
As they descend in the elevator, Leonard has an outburst after Madeleine complains that he is unable to “ignore” his depression even for an hour or two to enjoy a party. Leonard insists that he will never be “cured” of his condition and wonders if they should end their marriage. When they arrive at the train station, he bursts ahead of Madeleine. When she catches up to him on the platform, he tells her that he is divorcing her before jumping into a train car alone.
Mitchell and Larry reunite in India as planned. The fling with the Greek man did not last long, as he quickly began asking Larry for money.
Returning to the US, Mitchell calls an acquaintance from Brown named Dan, who agrees to let Mitchell stay with him in New York until Mitchell decides what he wants to do. It is Dan who informs Mitchell that Madeleine has married Leonard. Mitchell wonders if she read his letter.
One day, Dan prepares for a party he is throwing that evening. Mitchell wanders the city, and when he returns, the party is in full swing; he ducks into a bedroom to escape the crowd. There, he finds Leonard, and he knows that Madeleine must be somewhere at the party. Not wanting to run into her, Mitchell remains in the bedroom, talking to Leonard.
After Madeleine enters in search of Leonard, she and Mitchell chat briefly, and then the couple leaves. However, Madeleine quickly returns in tears, telling everyone what has just transpired: Leonard declared that he wanted a divorce and then fled. She goes straight to Mitchell for comfort; he accompanies her back to her parents’ home, and she asks him to stay.
Mitchell moves into the room in the Hannas’ attic, and each time he tries to move out, Madeleine pleads with him to stay. They learn—after Madeleine’s mother calls Leonard’s mother, Rita—that Leonard is in Portland, Oregon, staying with his friend Godfrey in a remote cabin. Rita does not know where the cabin is, nor does she have a means to contact Leonard.
Mitchell, who has developed a habit of taking an early morning walk each day, has started attending meetings of the Quaker church, having come across it one morning. He is not certain what exactly he believes but appreciates many of the beliefs that the Quakers profess.
One summer evening, Madeleine’s father presses her to make a decision about whether she wants to save her marriage. Madeleine is resistant to discussing the topic and says that she does not know what she wants. Her father has learned, via his lawyer, that Madeleine’s situation qualifies for an annulment.
As the summer continues, Madeleine persists in wanting Mitchell to remain at the Hanna home. Old high school friends stop by, and at times, Mitchell finds Madeleine to be like her old self again.
As summer ends, Madeleine decides on the annulment. She begins packing to move to her new apartment in the city. One afternoon, she seeks out Mitchell in the attic bedroom, saying that she has two things to show him. The first is a newly arrived copy of The Janeite Review in which her article on “the marriage plot” appears. Madeleine is thrilled, and Mitchell is genuinely happy about her success. Next, she shows him the “Bachelorette Survival Kit” that she has unearthed while packing. They laugh over it, and then Mitchell takes a chance and kisses her. They have sex, but the experience does not impact Mitchell in the way he thought it would.
The next day, he attends a Quaker meeting. As it begins, he thinks about Madeleine and considers that she might ask him to move into her apartment with her. However, then he recalls the conversation he had with Leonard on the night of Dan’s party in which Leonard disclosed having had a religious-like experience in Europe. Mitchell realizes that he no longer despises Leonard and that Madeleine does not want to be with Mitchell either—he knows that by having sex with him, Madeleine was cleansing herself of Leonard.
Back at the Hannas’ home, he brings up the letter that he sent to Madeleine, which she never received. He explains that in it, he posed a question to her about “the marriage plot”—whether there has ever been a novel in which the heroine realizes that she has married the wrong man and then begins a relationship with another man, one who has loved her all along; then, this “second suitor” realizes that she is better off pursuing goals that have nothing to do with marriage, so he leaves her alone despite continuing to love her. Madeleine answers that as far as she knows, no such novel exists. Mitchell asks whether this would be a good novel, and Madeleine replies that it would.
The unraveling of Madeleine and Leonard’s marriage brings about the novel’s conclusion. Structurally, Chapter 5 opens with the aftermath of Leonard’s manic episode, making readers aware that Leonard’s experiment of reducing his dose has failed but not making them privy to the details of the manic episode until later. That he and Madeleine are living with her parents suggests that Madeleine has found herself unable to manage his illness on her own. She continues to treat him with kindness and gentleness, not wanting to upset him or push him too hard to engage in a “normal” life. Leonard is indeed in a precarious state, yet Madeleine lives with a persistent hope that the next juncture in her life—this time, graduate school in New York City—will provide a fresh start for them both. She remains unaware of the degree to which she is caught up in The Illusion of Romantic Destiny, especially since she feels that in seeking a relationship with an unconventional person, she has escaped the conformity of mainstream marriage. As she struggles to care for Leonard and accommodate his dramatic swings in outlook and demeanor, she finds herself ironically trapped in the traditional wifely role that she has long opposed. Though she has always been critical of the traditional aspects of her parents’ marriage, she leans on their support as her own marriage crumbles. The support that they extend to Madeleine serves as proof of the care and love they hold for her, providing another contrast against Leonard’s parents.
After Leonard’s unsuccessful attempt to manage his condition without medication, he resigns himself to the permanent state of his illness. He appears certain that he will never be well enough to succeed in The Pursuit of Personal Fulfillment. By giving up on his marriage to Madeleine, he believes that he is sparing her the inevitable pain of future mental health crises on his part. In a sense, him ending the marriage is a selfless act in which he frees Madeleine to pursue a meaningful life of her own without being tethered to the worry and responsibility of caring for him. His actions suggest that while, in theory, love between two people should be enough to sustain a partnership, the reality of dealing with the hardship of mental illness within a marriage is another thing entirely.
The absence of Leonard creates a space for Mitchell to occupy, which allows for a reconciliation between him and Madeleine. Her rushing directly to Mitchell for comfort and support initially confirms his belief in the illusion of romantic destiny. Because the experience of prolonged, unrequited love has been so heartbreaking for Mitchell, this reunion appears to offer the fulfillment of his long-awaited destiny. The realization that Madeleine never received his letter asking her not to marry Leonard is deflating for Mitchell: He believed that he had special insight into Leonard’s character and that he had done her a favor by sharing it with her. Instead, his romantic plea disappeared into the void. In the final pages, it is Mitchell who receives a kind of knowledge and insight that parallels the religious enlightenment he has been searching for—deciding not to try to pursue a relationship with Madeleine. In a sense, finally giving up on ever being a couple with her frees him. In facing The Need to Accept the Uncontrollable, Mitchell frees both himself and Madeleine to create their own futures.
By Jeffrey Eugenides
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