47 pages • 1 hour read
Kerri MaherA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Sylvia celebrates Bloomsday, a day marking the events of Ulysses, while Ernest plans to visit Spain. In the past few years, Shakespeare and Company has become the epicenter of the English-language expatriate community. Meanwhile, Joyce is spending all of Harriet’s money at an alarming rate. Sylvia considers the deteriorating relationships of her friends, including the tension between Ernest and his wife Hadley. Sylvia and Adrienne recently attended a party where many couples were creating overt sexual displays, and it made Sylvia feel as though she were not imaginative enough for Adrienne. Later, Sylvia meets Harriet in person for the first time; Harriet is worried about Joyce’s excess. She notes that Nora has returned to Joyce, and all the women around him seem unable to stay away. The two women talk about Joyce’s newest work-in-progress, which does not have the same level of brilliance reflected in his previous work. After Harriet leaves, Adrienne expresses her frustration with Sylvia for her ongoing loyalty to Joyce.
Sylvia goes to collect her mother from the police station; Eleanor has been caught shoplifting. Eleanor explains that she is losing her own beauty and feels compelled to surround herself with beautiful things. Distraught over the gossip surrounding her friends, Sylvia becomes even more overwhelmed as she attends to Joyce and learns about a wave of pirated copies of Ulysses that have entered circulation. On the side, Sylvia is also planning a Walt Whitman exhibit in her shop.
One day, Julie comes in with her new daughter, Amélie, and confides her worries about Michel’s mental health. Eleanor bonds with Amélie, and Sylvia becomes aware that she will never have children. She receives letters from her sisters about their mother’s difficulties at home. Soon afterward, Eleanor returns to America. Sylvia begins to feel restless in Paris and prefers visiting the countryside with Adrienne.
Sylvia launches her Whitman event and visits with her friends, but Gertrude is notably absent after a recent rift with Ernest. The group discusses the rise of a dishonest publisher named Samuel Roth who is circulating illicit copies of Ulysses. It is apparent that Quinn’s promise of copyright protection was misguided, and they now have no legal recourse to stem the flow of pirated copies. Ezra discreetly tells Sylvia that Joyce has also been publishing pieces of his current work with Roth. Meanwhile, Joyce woefully compares his commercial success with that of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Joyce encourages Sylvia to set up a publishing arm in the United States so that they will be better positioned to defend his work, but Sylvia declines, maintaining that Paris is her home. She confronts Joyce about his publishing deal with Roth, and Joyce assures Sylvia that she is his only publisher.
Margaret and Jane, the editors of The Little Review, visit Sylvia and Adrienne in Paris. They debate music and art, and when Adrienne succinctly expresses her opinion, Margaret encourages her to write for the journal. Sylvia spends the rest of the year learning about copyright laws and piracy, and the endeavor takes a significant toll on her health. Joyce continues pestering her about his idea to open a shop in New York, and Sylvia becomes angry with him. Their friendship becomes increasingly strained. Soon, a local writer puts together a letter protesting the illegal circulation of Joyce’s work and plans to have it signed by as many people as possible. All of Sylvia’s friends sign, as well as many other artists and thinkers of the day—including George Bernard Shaw, who had previously derided Joyce’s work.
Sylvia’s friends throw a party for her 40th birthday. Ernest and Hadley have recently divorced, and Ernest is dating a new woman named Pauline. Sylvia worries that the change is a portent of more changes to come. She feels that she has outgrown the decadence of her youth. Cyprian comes to visit Sylvia and confides that their mother has become very depressed. Cyprian has given up her acting dreams and is envious of Sylvia’s fulfilling life. She also confesses that she has a new partner named Helen. Meanwhile, Roth continues to publish pirated versions of Ulysses while Sylvia balances her various responsibilities. Adrienne suggests buying a car so that she and Sylvia can escape to the countryside more easily, and Sylvia enthusiastically agrees. They purchase a Citroën and engage in wildly enthusiastic drives. Sylvia looks back on her life and contemplates how far she has come.
Sylvia learns that her mother has died by suicide. As she grieves, she asks Adrienne why Suzanne got married all those years ago. Adrienne says that Suzanne married a rich man who could afford to pay for her medical treatments, but she waited too long to seek help for her illness. Sylvia writes to her family and tells them the news of Eleanor’s death.
Sylvia spends her time with Adrienne’s family, who tries to cheer her by preparing traditional American recipes. Joyce tells Sylvia that another publisher has offered to take on his latest work, and Roth sends a scathing letter to Sylvia. She writes to Joyce declaring her intentions to admit defeat in their fight against piracy. Soon afterward, she learns that Joyce hasn’t been paying his medical bills, so she pays for them herself. He responds with a list of requests for the various projects they are working on. Sylvia and Mysrine work on them together. Sylvia considers the nature of the so-called “Lost Generation” and reflects on how the definition applies to herself, her friends, and her family. She goes to visit her mother’s grave at Père Lachaise and examines her own restlessness and overwhelm.
Sylvia begins experiencing intense pains and is diagnosed with a rare affliction called facial neuralgia. She tries to devote more time and effort to her health and notes that she feels strongest after spending time outside. However, she becomes more conscious of her advancing years and wonders if she has inherited her mother’s challenges with mental health. One day, Adrienne mentions that Joyce is considering hiring a ghostwriter to finish his work. She is growing increasingly frustrated with Sylvia’s reliance on and loyalty to him. At a party, Sylvia tells her friend Valery that she is afraid of having to choose between her two loves.
An American publisher wants to buy Sylvia’s rights to Ulysses but claims that her asking price is too high. Joyce and Sylvia have only recently signed a formal contract, and now Sylvia doesn’t want to release her rights too cheaply after all the work she has done. She and the editors write back and forth, and Joyce and Ezra also exchange letters about the debate. Joyce is frustrated with all the women in his life, but Ezra urges temperance. Margaret and Ernest also write to Sylvia to express their solidarity. Sylvia comes to realize that because of her loyalty to her work, she may lose her friendship with Joyce.
A young man named Paddy Kelly begins frequenting Shakespeare and Company. He tells Sylvia that he loves Joyce’s work, and he encourages her to release the rights to the American publication. He begins showing up more and more frequently, running Joyce’s errands and delivering his letters. When Paddy meets Adrienne, he expresses disdain for her personally, as well as for her relationship with Sylvia. He continues berating Sylvia for her lack of cooperation. Exasperated, Sylvia goes to visit her mother’s grave and talks to Eleanor about her problems. She asks for a sign of what to do. Soon after, Sylvia and Adrienne are forced to sell their beloved car to support themselves, and Joyce writes to Sylvia, asking to be released from his contract. Paddy returns and tells Sylvia that she is an obstacle in Joyce’s path to greatness. Sylvia realizes that she has become expendable and finally recognizes that Joyce never respected her. Suddenly, a framed poem falls to the ground. Sylvia takes it as a sign from her mother and agrees to release the rights to Ulysses.
Part 3 jumps ahead in time from 1922 to 1925, glossing over a relatively static and successful period in Sylvia’s life to focus instead upon the multitude of conflicts that await her. With this deliberate leap forward, the narrative introduces a new awareness of time, mortality, and age as both Sylvia and her mother become increasingly mindful of the changes they have undergone. Most significantly, Sylvia sees the artistic world moving beyond her and worries that the passage of time will eventually come between her and Adrienne; her mother, meanwhile, is feeling this disconnect in an even more magnified way, which leads her rash action of shoplifting and subsequent arrest. Within these various spiritual crises, there is an emphasis on femininity that explores both its physicality and its emotional, comfort-shaped elements. However, far from being liberating, these elements of womanhood grow to constrain both mother and daughter in different ways. Sylvia also begins to witness the deterioration of many relationships upon whose constancy she has come to rely, notably that of Ernest and Hadley (who are based on real-life figures) and Julie and Michel (who are fictional characters of Maher’s creation). These cracks in her community make Sylvia deeply grateful for her own relationship with Adrienne even as she acknowledges the inherent fragility of their connection.
This section also briefly introduces F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda Fitzgerald; while they are not primary figures in the novel and are never closely involved in Sylvia’s life, they are so deeply associated with the Parisian Lost Generation of this time period that Maher is almost compelled to include them in some way, for their absence would make the setting feel incomplete. Their presence has more of an impact on Ernest Hemingway, who compares his own writing path to Fitzgerald’s (as does Joyce in later chapters). As any writer can attest, this instinct to measure oneself against other writers is both toxic and inevitable, and Maher uses this dynamic to highlight the fact that even the most successful and renowned writers experience critical moments of envy and insecurity.
As a connected issue, these chapters also introduce the element of literary piracy, which grows to become an abstract antagonist in and of itself, since Sylvia’s unexpected battle against piracy replaces her earlier struggles against censorship. It is wildly ironic that instead of being available only through select illegal pathways, Ulysses is now widely available to anyone—in a form that fails to provide proper compensation to either the writer or the publisher. While Sylvia and the pirate publisher, Samuel Roth, are inevitably at odds with one another, Joyce opportunistically maintains a foothold in both worlds; he wants Sylvia to support him in fighting the piracy of his work, yet he agrees to publish portions of his work with the very person they are fighting against. While Sylvia understands Joyce’s need to get his work into the world through a variety of avenues, she also feels “that same sense of exclusion she’d felt years ago when Joyce hadn’t kept her up to date on the trial of Ulysses” (209). This current development and Sylvia’s ruminations about their earlier dynamics provide ample clues that Joyce’s relationship with Sylvia is utilitarian and disposable and does not represent the deep and meaningful friendship that Sylvia naïvely believes herself to be cultivating with the erratic writer. This sense grows exponentially when Joyce begins pressuring Sylvia to move to New York in order to support his work more directly, for such urging reveals his lack of concern and respect for Sylvia’s existing business interests in Paris.
During her legal battles, Sylvia reaches a milestone 40th birthday. While the day brings an influx of friends, gifts, and celebration, it also brings a renewed sense of the passage of time. To Adrienne, Sylvia admits, “Things feel different in Odeonia than they did eight years ago, don’t they?” (220). Paralleling this awareness is a contradictory failure to recognize her mother’s eroding mental health, which Cyprian and Holly, the third Beach sister, both attempt to address on separate occasions. Surrounded by art and life, however, Sylvia is unable to foresee the tragedy of her mother’s death before it is too late. This disconnect from her own family’s needs reflects her overwhelming focus on the needs of Joyce and others, whom she allows to unfairly monopolize her time and energy. In this way, her self-proclaimed dedication to Art as Purpose becomes detrimental to the quality of her personal life.
Toward the end of Part 3, Sylvia engages in her final and most challenging battle: the rights to Ulysses. This conflict brings the issue of Freedom Versus Censorship full circle, and while there is a substantial financial element to this conflict, the true stakes involve Sylvia’s emotional state, her respect for herself, and her friendship with James Joyce. Much of this section is communicated in epistolary form through letters between several of the characters (which bear a rudimentary similarity to the contemporary text-message webs that accompany such experiences today). One notably humorous example comes from Ernest, with his distinctive Hemingway concision juxtaposed against the more verbose well-wishes and responses. Following the instigation of this conflict, Sylvia and Joyce’s relationship takes on a more sinister turn, with subterfuge and gaslighting leaving Sylvia to reel from one moment to the next with little control over the sequence of events that occurs. Almost inevitably, Sylvia’s only recourse to recover some form of equilibrium in her own life is to give up the fight entirely and relinquish control of Joyce’s book; in this decisive moment, she finally recognizes the true nature of their relationship and realizes just how deeply Joyce has been exploiting her good-faith efforts on his behalf. For Sylvia, the moment is tragic and destructive, but ultimately freeing.