57 pages • 1 hour read
Bernhard SchlinkA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This guide summarizes and discusses suicide, statutory rape, the Holocaust, and Nazi brutality, which feature in the source text.
Michael Berg is a 15-year-old boy. He lives in West Germany with his mother, father, older brother, and two sisters. On his way home from school in October during the late 1950s, he throws up. He tries to keep the vomit in his mouth, but it gushes out on the side of a building on Bahnhofstrasse (a street near his home). An older woman comes to his aid. She pulls him into a courtyard and washes him and the building. Michael cries, and the woman holds him. She walks him home, where he convalesces for the next few months with hepatitis. When he has finally recovered, his mother encourages him to see the woman and express gratitude for her help.
As an adult, Michael reflects on the building on Bahnhofstrasse. In the 1970s or 80s, a new building replaced the old one. The new building has plaster on the outside. It contains tiny apartments and renters that don’t seem to stay long. Beneath the homes, there’s a computer store.
The old building featured bricks, arches, and balconies. The front door had pillars and two decorative lions. The building captivated Michael as a child. He thought only magnificent people could live in the lavish place. As an adult, the building continues to preoccupy Michael. He dreams about it constantly. He sees the building not in Germany but in other countries and places, like Rome. Sometimes, the urban building is in the country. Michael goes to the front door, but he doesn’t open it.
The narrative returns to his teen years. Michael, following his mother’s wishes, brings flowers to the woman who helped him. As he doesn’t know her name, he describes her to a man leaving the building. The man realizes Michael is looking for Frau Schmitz, who lives on the third floor.
For the first time, Michael enters the building on Bahnhofstrasse, and it’s not as splendid as the outside. The red paint on the stairs is fading, the green linoleum wall covering is rubbing off, there’s string holding the banisters together, and it smells like cleaning fluid and food.
Frau Schmitz leads Michael into her kitchen—the biggest room in her apartment. There’s a sink, stove, couch, and bathtub. The apartment also has a living room with a window that looks out onto a train station. Years later, a courthouse and administration building will replace the train station.
Later, Michael can’t remember what they spoke about, but he remembers she was ironing her underwear, and he couldn’t look away. He also looked at Frau Schmitz’s face and thought she was beautiful.
Michael has to go, and so does Frau Schmitz. Michael waits in the hall as Frau Schmitz changes. The door is open a crack, and Michael sees her take off her smock and put on a stocking. He gazes at her feet, legs, breasts, neck, and shoulder. As she puts on the other stocking, she catches Michael staring at her. Ashamed, Michael runs out of the building and through the same streets he ran along as a child.
Michael feels like a child and wonders why he couldn’t stop looking at Frau Schmitz. Her body is fuller than those of the girls he typically watches, and she’s much older—probably in her 30s. Years later, Michael realizes his gaze had less to do with her specific body and more with how she moved and held herself. He asks future girlfriends to put on stockings, but he doesn’t explain why.
The doctor doesn’t think Michael is ready to return to school, and Michael thinks about the enchantment that comes with being sick as a child. The outside world can’t compare to a sickroom, where the fever heightens the imagination and produces intriguing monsters, distortions, and feelings.
Michael has dreams that leave his pajama pants stained or wet. The dreams counter what adults taught him about right and wrong, but he can’t stop fantasizing. His thoughts compel him to return to Frau Schmitz. Years later, Michael notices a pattern: He does things without intending to do them, like seeing a woman he doesn’t want to see, telling off a boss, or continuing to smoke.
Frau Schmitz isn’t home, but the building’s front door is open, so Michael waits on the stairs on the third floor. He hears heavy footsteps and presumes they belong to a man, but it’s Frau Schmitz. She’s carrying scuttles (metal containers for coal) and asks Michael to help her. In the cellar, Michael has trouble with the tall coal piles, and black dust covers him.
Back in the apartment, Frau Schmitz and Michael laugh at his dirtiness, and she insists that he take a bath. Afterward, she wraps him in a big towel and touches his chest and erection. Michael’s afraid he won’t know what to do, but once he starts smelling and feeling her, everything unfolds effortlessly. When he ejaculates, he screams so loud that Frau Schmitz covers his mouth.
Michael is in love with Frau Schmitz. He can’t sleep. He thinks about her constantly and is continuously erect, but he doesn’t want to masturbate. He wants to have sex with her.
He thinks about being a four-year-old during the winter. The mornings were cold, but the kitchen was warm, and his mother washed him with hot water. He wonders why his mother spoiled him with warmth.
Michael wants to return to school and exhibit his new grown-up masculinity. When he comes home from Frau Schmitz’s apartment for the first time, his parents ask why he is late. Michael lies and says he went to a memorial garden in the cemetery in Molkenkur and wandered into Nussloch. His older brother makes fun of him: Molkenkur and Nussloch are in different directions. Michael's mother isn’t sure he should return to school, but his father, a philosophy professor, thinks it’s fine. Michael believes his father thinks of his family members as pets. He also feels like the dinner is a goodbye—as if it’s the last time they’ll be together.
Frau Schmitz is a streetcar conductor, and she has the early shift, so Michael cuts his final class at school to be with her and then runs home for lunch. Frau Schmitz is very clean, and Michael graphically describes their sex.
Their sixth or seventh time together, Michael asks what her first name is. After she gives him a suspicious look, she laughs and says her name is Hanna. Michael tells her his name, and Hanna says she has a son named Michael—he’s 17 and wants to be famous.
Hanna and Michael talk about school, and Michael complains that he might have to repeat a grade. His negativity provokes Hanna, and she says if he thinks school is stupid, he should try selling and punching streetcar tickets. She reenacts her duties, and Michael apologizes, but he doesn’t understand why she’s upset. He wonders if she doesn’t want to have an unsuccessful lover.
As an adult, Michael wonders why thinking about his time with Hanna as a teen makes him sad. He remembers that neither students nor teachers noticed him much, but he had lots of energy, and he would grow up to be smart and handsome.
Back in Michael’s teenage timeline, Hanna doesn't care about the future and talks remotely about her past. She grew up in a German community in Romania, moved to Berlin at 16, and worked at a Siemens factory (Siemens is the biggest industrial corporation in Europe). At 21, she joined the army. Since World War II, she has worked various jobs to survive. She’s 36 and doesn’t mind being a streetcar conductor. She likes the uniform and the motion.
Adult Michael thinks about their relationship in the context of literature. In Stendhal’s novel The Red and the Black, the protagonist, Julien Sorel, has an affair with an older married mother, Madame de Rênal. In Thomas Mann’s unfinished novel, The Confessions of Felix Krull, Confidence Man, the eponymous character has an affair with an older mother. Michael also defends the supposed relationship between the writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and the married and older Madame von Stein.
The narration skips back to the past. Michael doesn’t want people to spot him with his mother, but he wouldn’t mind if people saw him with Hanna—who could also be his mother. As an adult, he thinks of a 36-year-old woman as young and a 15-year-old boy as a child. Due to Hanna, teen Michael doesn’t feel like a child. She gives him confidence. He excels at school and isn’t awkward around girls.
The couple discusses school again. Michael reads about the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich, and Hanna asks him to read to her. Michael reads her The Odyssey, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing’s play Emilia Galotti (1772), and Friedrich Schiller’s play Intrigues and Love (1784). One day, Hanna makes Michael read to her before they have sex. Hanna listens carefully and comments on the plots and characters of the various texts. Reading to Hanna and being with her makes Michael thoroughly happy.
The book starts with Michael announcing, “When I was fifteen, I got hepatitis” (8). Hepatitis represents sickness, a motif that occurs throughout the book. Here, the sickness is an actual sickness, but later, the sickness becomes metaphorical, representing love or Nazi atrocities. Hanna, too, turns into a metaphorical illness. She figuratively invades his body and consumes Michael. He becomes obsessed with seeing her and likens this desire to a compulsion, stating, “Often enough in my life, I have done things I had not decided to do” (20). Schlink draws a comparison here between drives and choices, insinuating that Hanna and Michael’s relationship was not exactly consensual due to their age difference, which results in power discrepancies.
Schlink creates a mysterious atmosphere by not naming the woman who helps Michael in Chapter 1. The woman is a stranger to him and the reader. Michael says, “When rescue came, it was almost an assault” (8). The diction—the word "assault"—serves as foreshadowing or a preview of what kind of woman this is. At the same time, Schlink turns the woman into a comforting mother figure, with the image of her holding Michael and taking him home. The juxtaposition of assault and maternal imagery also foreshadows the dynamic in Michael and Hanna’s relationship, which is not aggressive but is still ultimately statutory rape under contemporary German law.
Michael’s mother introduces the motif of fate. Michael doesn’t plan to see the woman again, but his mother changes his destiny when she tells him to visit her. The extensive imagery—vivid descriptions—of the woman’s building reveals Michael’s meditative, philosophical narrative style. He can devote an extreme amount of attention to things. He can also go back and forth in time, and the Manipulation of Time and Memory is a key theme throughout the text. Michael contrasts how the building was when he was a teen with how it is now that he is an adult. The past and present mix together, giving the text a postmodern voice. Like Michael, postmodernists embrace fractured, nonlinear narratives as a strategy that can evoke themes or truths in art.
Michael juxtaposes the outside of Hanna’s building with its rundown interior, establishing the idea that beautiful places or people can conceal dark truths. The building, therefore, helps characterize Hanna as someone keeping secrets as well as working-class. She is first introduced as Frau Schmitz, reinforcing the age difference between her and Michael; he’s a teen who goes by his first name, while she is a 36-year-old woman with a last name and a title. This contrast establishes the uneven power dynamics between the two, complicating their relationship.
The image of Hanna ironing her underwear and Michael watching her change through the crack in the door introduces the motif of sex. Michael desires her and has his first sexual experiences with Hanna. The relationship’s long-lasting impact is shown through association, as Michael asks his later girlfriends to wear stockings like Hanna. While Michael outright denies being traumatized by Hanna, details like this indicate that their relationship permanently affected his sexual tastes and preferences.
When Hanna catches Michael’s gaze, he “run[s] away like a child” and castigates himself: “I wasn’t nine years old anymore, I was fifteen” (15). Michael is invested in the idea that he is mature rather than a child, using two literary devices to make his point: He uses a simile by comparing himself to a child using a connecting word, and he uses juxtaposition by pitting his nine-year-old self beside his 15-year-old self. Michael doesn’t think of himself as a child, but his determination to separate himself from childhood stands in contrast to his actions. Through this, Schlink subtly emphasizes the age gap and difference in power between Hanna and Michael.
Instances like these reveal Michael as a somewhat unreliable narrator, emphasizing the psychological effects of being groomed. He is invested in the idea that his and Hanna’s relationship was fully consensual, but Schlink often subverts these assertions by including details that contrast Michael’s teenage point of view with Hanna’s adult perspective.
The scene with the coal adds humor to the story and establishes a friendly and playful dynamic between Michael and Hanna. In the same chapter, Michael uses vivid imagery to depict their first sexual encounter. Michael’s loud orgasm subverts gender norms. He plays the screaming woman while Hanna takes on the role of the laconic man. This role reversal is another demonstration of Hanna’s power and experience as the adult in their relationship. She muffles Michael’s cries, establishing the couple’s pattern of secrecy.
After they have sex, Michael declares, “The next night I fell in love with her. I could barely sleep, I was yearning for her” (25). Love links to illness here—it’s disruptive and devouring. His statement also brings in the theme of Feelings Versus Numbness. Hanna gives Michael powerful feelings. By contrast, the scene with his family at dinner indicates that his family doesn’t provoke strong feelings. His older brother teases him over his lies, and Michael thinks his philosopher father feels “that all of [them] in his family [a]re like pets to him” (27). The family emits a decorous numbness, while Hanna provides intensity and intimacy.
Hanna’s job as a streetcar conductor furthers her working-class characterization and creates a juxtaposition with Michael’s academic family. Her reluctance to tell Michael her first name or discuss her past pertains to the theme of Secrets Versus Understanding. Along with concealing their relationship, Hanna is hiding something from Michael—she has a past he won’t understand. Their fight over school in Chapter 8 foreshadows the eventual reveal that she can’t read or write.
Michael displays his awareness of literature by putting himself in the context of characters and authors who have affairs with older women. The two plays he reads out loud to Hanna deal with loves that transgress class and social norms. It’s as if Michael uses literature to justify his problematic affair with Hanna, aligning themselves with literary heroes. Then again, he alludes to the fraught dynamic when, as an adult, he says, “When I see a woman of thirty-six today, I find her young. But when I see a boy of fifteen, I see a child” (35). As a teen, Michael doesn’t feel like a child—nor does he feel like Hanna is exploiting or grooming him. Hanna is a positive presence, and as an adult, Michael says, “I am amazed at how much confidence Hanna gave me” (35). Michael states, “I was completely happy” (37), though this happiness is undercut in later chapters as the couple begins to fight and more of Hanna’s secrets are revealed.
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