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88 pages 2 hours read

Stephen King

The Shining

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1977

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Part 1, Chapters 1-4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1: “Prefatory Matters”

Part 1, Chapter 1 Summary: “Job Interview”

Jack Torrance speaks with Stuart Ullman about the caretaker job at the Overlook Hotel, which has 110 guest rooms. Jack has a wife named Wendy and a five-year-old son named Danny. Torrance instantly dislikes Ullman.

Ullman says that he did not want to hire Jack, but Al Shockley, who sits on the Board of Directors, overrode him. He gives Jack a history of the hotel, which was under construction from 1907-1909. A wealthy man named Horace Derwent bought it after World War II. Shockley bought the Overlook in 1970, and Ullman became the manager. This is the first year the Overlook has made a profit.

Ullman knows that Jack is recovering from alcoholic addition. He also knows that Jack was an English teacher who lost his job due to his temper. Jack reminds Ullman of Delbert Grady, the former caretaker, who drank too much and killed his wife and daughters before killing himself. Observers attributed the tragedy to cabin fever. Ullman thanks him for the interview and turns him over to Mr. Watson.

Part 1, Chapter 2 Summary: “Boulder”

In Boulder, Colorado, Wendy watches Danny play. Her upstairs neighbors are fighting. Danny asks why Jack lost his job. She tells him that his father had coached the debate team. He cut a boy named George Hatfield from the team, and George slashed Jack’s tires. Danny asks if Jack hurt George like he hurt him for spilling beer on Jack’s papers. In fact, George hit his head while falling after Jack hit him. Danny asks if Wendy wants to live at the hotel. She says she does if Jack wants it. Worried that Danny is so somber and has no one to play with, Wendy goes upstairs and cries.

Part 1, Chapter 3 Summary: “Watson”

Watson shows Jack the furnace and talks him through the failsafe system. During the tour, Jack keeps remembering the day he hurt Danny. He had been drinking and working on his play when Danny accidentally poured beer on the pages. He grabbed Danny’s hand to make him let go of the typewriter eraser and broke Danny’s arm. He thought Wendy hated him that day, and the incident made him want to drink even more.

Watson shows Jack the boiler. One of Jack’s most important responsibilities is to vent the pressure of the boiler if it gets too high, or else it may explode. As an aside, Watson says he always knew that Grady would be trouble. His girls had been eight and six years old. Ullman tried to keep it out of the newspaper, just like he had with other scandals.

Watson also tells Jack that a 60-year-old woman killed herself with sleeping pills after her young lover left her. A week later, a maid claimed she saw her in the bathtub in her hotel room, but Watson has never seen a ghost. As they talk about re-shingling the roof. Jack wonders what Grady’s last moments were like. As usual, Jack wants a drink.

Part 1, Chapter 4 Summary: “Shadowland”

Danny knows that his parents worry about his loneliness. He understands a lot about them, and they do not always know how. He knows that they call drinking the “Bad Thing” (25), a childish explanation of the serious problem of alcoholism. Danny often sees the word “divorce” in people’s minds, including those of his parents. Whenever his mother thought about divorce, her inner turmoil focuses on Danny’s broken arm and Jack’s incident with George Hatfield.

Sometimes, when Danny concentrates hard, he sees a tiny playmate he calls Tony. Tony often shows Danny things that might happen. He communicates in images and words. One day before Danny saw Tony, he’d seen the word “suicide” (27) in Jack’s head. When Tony calls to him, he is usually at a distance, trying to get Danny to come closer. Once Danny knew where his father’s papers were, even though Jack did not know how. He said that Tony showed him. He knows that his parents worry about Tony. Suddenly, he hears his father’s thoughts, which are focused on shingles.

Danny sees Tony and moves towards him as darkness swirls at the edges of his vision. He sees the symbol for poison superimposed on the air and warnings about electrical live wires. Danny sees the word REDRUM and hears breaking glass. Someone repeatedly screams “REDRUM” (30). He sees a shape with a hammer, telling him to come take his medicine.

Danny wakes and sees his father’s red VW bug arriving. Jack gets out with a bag of groceries. They go inside, and Danny keeps thinking about seeing the word REDRUM in the mirror.

Part 1, Chapters 1-4 Analysis

King sets an ominous tone from the beginning with the job interview. Ullmann obviously does not want Jack for the job, it is quickly revealed that Jack has a history of alcoholism, and Ullmann hints that the hotel has had at least one tragedy, in Delbert Grady. Ullman’s revelation that Grady killed his family does not deter Jack, and neither does Ullman’s remark that he did not want Jack for the position.

By the time Watson shows Jack the boiler, King has established that there is a pressure building in Jack, due to a combination of his alcoholism, quick temper, guilt, and insecurity. King uses the specter of the volatile boiler as an analogy for the pressure inside of Jack. And like the boiler, Jack’s inner tension will eventually explode. The remarks about Jack’s temper—and his own thoughts about how sobriety can make him angrier—are ominous. Combined with Danny’s constant awareness of how badly Jack still wants to drink, there is little cause for optimism. If Jack were in Alcoholics Anonymous, he might be described by his sponsor and peers as someone who has quit drinking but has not meaningfully dealt with the psychological and emotional issues that contributed to their addiction. For Jack, those issues are anger and insecurity, likely rooted in his own father’s abusive behavior.

The backstory about Danny’s broken arm serves as the major point of contention in Wendy’s marriage to Jack. She had been ready to leave for months and was surprised when Jack actually managed to quit drinking. However, Danny’s premonitions of a man with a hammer chasing him foreshadow Jack’s inevitable collapse and suggest that he is not through with violence.

The introduction of Tony allows King to introduce the question of Danny’s mental state; at this point in the novel, it might be possible that Tony is a manifestation of Danny’s mental illness, although this is quickly disproven. Tony’s appearance also allows King to familiarize the reader with the format of the novel. In Danny’s segments, there is a disorienting effect as the text switches from whatever he is doing to whatever image or sound suddenly invades his mind, typically presented with parenthesized italics depicting the invasive thoughts and images.

For instance, when he hears Jack thinking about shingling, the images interrupt Danny’s thoughts like this: “(shingles. i guess it’ll be no problem if the flashing’s ok yeah that’ll be all right. that watson. christ what a character” (29) These passages always have odd punctuation, and the stream of consciousness flow is meant to represent the relentless thoughts in someone’s head, rather than the articulation of conscious speech and writing.

Finally, there is the appearance of “that inexplicable word so much horrible than any of the other” (32) images Tony showed Danny: REDRUM. It will be a long time before the actual reveal that REDRUM is murder spelled backwards, but for any reader who spots it at this point, it is already clear what is at stake for the family in the Overlook hotel.

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